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91.
A temporal clausal resolution method was originally developed for linear time temporal logic and further extended to the branching-time framework of Computation Tree Logic (CTL). In this paper, following our general idea to expand the applicability of this efficient method to more expressive formalisms useful in a variety of applications in computer science and AI requiring branching time logics, we define a clausal resolution technique for Extended Computation Tree Logic (ECTL). The branching-time temporal logic ECTL is strictly more expressive than CTL in allowing fairness operators. The key elements of the resolution method for ECTL, namely the clausal normal form, the concepts of step resolution and a temporal resolution, are introduced and justified with respect to this new framework. Although in developing these components we incorporate many of the techniques defined for CTL, we need novel mechanisms in order to capture fairness together with the limit closure property of the underlying tree models. We accompany our presentation of the relevant techniques by examples of the application of the temporal resolution method. Finally, we provide a correctness argument and consider future work discussing an extension of the method yet further, to the logic CTL*, the most powerful logic of this class. 相似文献
92.
Kurt A. Freeman Wendy DeCourcey 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2007,29(3):169-176
The psychometric properties of the Parenting Scale (PS), a measure employed to identify use of dysfunctional strategies for
managing child misbehavior, were examined. Parents of 75 children ages 2 to 12 (45 in the clinic-referred and 30 in the community sample group) completed the PS and a measure of child misbehavior. Mean scores were significantly higher for parents in the clinic-referred group on the PS Total, Laxness, and Overreactivity scales. However, there were no between-group differences in the number of parents who scored at or above a cutoff score designed
to identify “clinical significance” on any PS scale. Reported parenting strategies were associated with reported child misbehavior
regardless of group status; associations were not stronger depending on referral status. Results support the ability of the
PS to discriminate between referred and community sample families. However, the PS scales were not precise in identifying
clinically significant variations in parenting practices.
Portions of this work were presented at the 2004 convention for the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New
Orleans, LA. 相似文献
93.
Drawing on data collected from two longitudinal Cohort Studies following the lives of over 20,000 individuals born in the United Kingdom 12 years apart in 1958 and 1970, respectively, this paper examines antecedents and outcomes of educational and occupational aspirations of young men and women, covering the transition from dependent childhood into independent adulthood. Two analytical models, a Social Reproduction Model and a Developmental-Contextual Model are tested to assess the processes by which family background and the wider socio-historical context influence work and family related careers. The findings demonstrate the persistent role of gender, social origin and individual agency processes as well as the influence of a changing socio-historical context on career development. Results are interpreted with regard to biographical agency processes linking individual lives with social contexts across the life course. 相似文献
94.
Bobbi R. Walling Rosemary S. L. Mills Wendy S. Freeman 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(5):642-659
Psychological control is a pattern of parenting that is intrusive and manipulative of children's thoughts, feelings, and attachment
to parents. Although little is known about the determinants of psychological control, it has been linked to the psychological
status of the parent. We hypothesized that several parenting cognitions reflecting personal concerns would be associated with
the use of psychological control: low perceived control, sensitivity to hurt, and a disapproving attitude to negative emotion.
We also examined moderating associations with child temperament and child gender. Participants were 198 mothers and fathers
of 3- and 4-year-olds (106 boys, 92 girls; M age = 4.10 years, SD = 0.26). Parents completed self- and spouse-report measures of psychological control, rated their child's temperamental characteristics,
and completed measures of parenting cognitions. Predictions were generally supported for two of the three cognitions. Sensitivity
to hurt and disapproval of negative emotion were associated with more frequent reported use of psychological control. There
were some moderating effects of child characteristics. 相似文献
95.
Nicola A. Conners Shanti P. Tripathi Richard Clubb Robert H. Bradley 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(3):415-425
Few studies have examined maternal characteristics associated with heavy or inappropriate television viewing on the part of
their children. We investigated the relationship between children’s television viewing habits and maternal depressive symptoms
and parenting beliefs. The participants were 175 low income children (mean age = 62.1 months) and their mothers who participated
in a larger national study of Early Head Start eligible children. Our sample included families from two predominantly rural
sites. Mothers completed a survey about the amount of time their children spend watching television during the week and on
the weekend, and the types of programs they watch, as well as questionnaires related to maternal depression and parenting
attitudes. According to mothers’ report, most of the young children in our sample exceeded the total viewing time recommended
by the American Academy of Pediatrics (maximum 2 h per day), and the majority watched at least some programming designed for
adult audiences. Maternal depressive symptoms and beliefs about parenting were associated with heavier viewing on the part
of the child, as well as with viewing of age-inappropriate content. 相似文献
96.
Margaret O’Brien Caughy Saundra M. Nettles Patricia J. O’Campo 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(6):819-836
We examined the impact of neighborhood characteristics both directly and indirectly as mediated by parent coaching and the
parent/child affective relationship on behavioral and school adjustment in a sample of urban dwelling first graders. We used
structural equations modeling to assess model fit and estimate direct, indirect, and total effects of neighborhood structural
and social characteristics on parenting behavior and child outcomes. Observed physical incivilities in the neighborhood were
associated with lower levels of parent eliciting behavior and higher levels of child behavior problems. The effects of neighborhood
structural characteristics were mediated partially through neighborhood community involvement with children, which had a direct
significant impact on parent eliciting behavior and an indirect effect on child behavior problems. Neighborhood community
involvement with children was associated with higher levels of parent eliciting behavior and lower levels of child behavior
problems. Observed physical incivilities had a significant indirect association with poor school adjustment and a marginally
significant association with positive school adjustment to first grade. Neighborhood community involvement with children was
more strongly associated with positive school adjustment than poor school adjustment. 相似文献
97.
Koa Whittingham Kate Sofronoff Jeanie Sheffield Matthew R. Sanders 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(4):469-480
Whilst the Triple P Positive Parenting Program has a large evidence base (Sanders, Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
2:71–90, 1999; Sanders, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68:624–640, 2000) and preliminary evidence indicates that Stepping Stones Triple P is also efficacious (Roberts, Journal of Clinical Child
and Adolescent Psychology, 35(2):180–193, 2006), to date Stepping Stones has not been evaluated with the ASD population. Fifty-nine families with a child with ASD aged
between 2 and 9 participated in this randomized controlled trial. The results demonstrate significant improvements in parental
reports of child behaviour and parenting styles with the treatment effects for child behaviour, parental over reactivity and
parental verbosity being maintained at follow-up 6 months later. Further, the results suggest significant improvements in
parental satisfaction and conflict about parenting as well as a sleeper effect for parental efficacy. The results indicate
that Stepping Stones Triple P is a promising intervention for parents of children with ASD. Limitations and future research
are also addressed. 相似文献
98.
Mechanisms that lead depressive symptoms to undermine parenting are poorly understood. This review examines cognitive, affective, and motivational processes thought to be responsible for the impact of depressive symptoms on parenting. We present a five-step, action-control model and review 152 studies relevant to 13 regulatory processes. Evidence suggests that depressive symptoms undermine parenting because they reduce child-oriented goals, undermine attention to child input, increase negative appraisals of children and parenting competence, activate low-positive and high-negative emotion, and increase positive evaluations of coercive parenting. Yet, this review reveals significant limitations in knowledge of these processes. Evidence that they mediate depression-parenting relations is scare; important processes remain unstudied; conceptions of regulation are undifferentiated; children’s contributions are largely unexamined; moderating variables are largely unexplored; and methods fail to capture the dynamics of processing input from children. Rigorous testing of such process models holds promise for clarifying the basis of depression-related parenting problems. 相似文献
99.
Parenting behaviors have received ample support as a mediator of the relationship between maternal affect and child behavior
problems. The majority of these research efforts were based on a uni-dimensional conceptualization of maternal mood, even
though decades of theory and research suggest that mood is multidimensional. We examined the mediating role of parenting behaviors
on positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) and reports of child behavior problems. Evidence for mediation was demonstrated
for both PA and NA for children in early to middle childhood. Consistent with the positive psychology movement, our results
suggest that maternal PA plays an important role in parents’ utilization of effective parenting behaviors. Implications for
clinical intervention and future research are discussed. 相似文献
100.
Jörg Schimmel 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2009,10(1):93-111
This paper examines to what extent the concept of happiness is complementary to the United Nations Development Program's (UNDP) human development approach in the evaluation of poverty, wealth and development. The deconstruction of UNDP's discourse on and its measurement of these concepts show that its perspective is highly arbitrary. Poverty is exclusively defined as lack and state of ill-being, inferior to wealth regarded as a state of abundance and well-being. Development then becomes a teleological process trying to promote well-being through abundance. Yet, this external perspective of UNDP on well-being is questioned by the subjective perception of the individuals themselves. Happiness studies—which define happiness as the degree to which an individual judges the overall quality of his life-as-a-whole favorably—prove that higher levels of UNDP's development indicators are not necessarily better for subjective well-being. Despite methodological and conceptual problems, happiness studies discover that the individuals' perception of poverty, wealth and development can differ considerably from UNDP's perspective. Increased income, better objective health and higher levels of education do not automatically lead to greater happiness. Furthermore, additional dimensions essential for human happiness are detected by the research, yet not taken into account by UNDP. A country ranking comparison between the two approaches confirms the different visions of well-being. The integration of a happiness indicator in its analysis of poverty, wealth and development is thus indispensable for UNDP in order to correct its analytical and also practical approach to development. 相似文献