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101.
We evaluated contact desensitization (reinforcing approach responses) as intervention for specific phobia with a child diagnosed with autism. During hospital-based intervention, the boy was able to encounter previously avoided stimuli. Parental report suggested that results were maintained postdischarge. 相似文献
102.
According to an "external grounding" theory of meaning, a concept's meaning depends on its connection to the external world. By a "conceptual web" account, a concept's meaning depends on its relations to other concepts within the same system. We explore one aspect of meaning, the identification of matching concepts across systems (e.g. people, theories, or cultures). We present a computational algorithm called ABSURDIST (Aligning Between Systems Using Relations Derived Inside Systems for Translation) that uses only within-system similarity relations to find between-system translations. While illustrating the sufficiency of a conceptual web account for translating between systems, simulations of ABSURDIST also indicate powerful synergistic interactions between intrinsic, within-system information and extrinsic information. 相似文献
103.
Roll, Higgins, and Badger (1996) used a carbon monoxide (CO) detector to determine whether participants smoked in a smoking-cessation study. We sought to replicate their work with adults with mild mental retardation. However, verbal instructions were inadequate to establish stable exhalations of sufficient durations for reliable and accurate CO evaluation. This report describes a shaping procedure that enabled 3 of 4 participants to achieve 20-s exhalation durations. 相似文献
104.
Maddox WT 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2002,78(3):567-595
Optimal decision criterion placement maximizes expected reward and requires sensitivity to the category base rates (prior probabilities) and payoffs (costs and benefits of incorrect and correct responding). When base rates are unequal, human decision criterion is nearly optimal, but when payoffs are unequal, suboptimal decision criterion placement is observed, even when the optimal decision criterion is identical in both cases. A series of studies are reviewed that examine the generality of this finding, and a unified theory of decision criterion learning is described (Maddox & Dodd, 2001). The theory assumes that two critical mechanisms operate in decision criterion learning. One mechanism involves competition between reward and accuracy maximization: The observer attempts to maximize reward, as instructed, but also places some importance on accuracy maximization. The second mechanism involves a flat-maxima hypothesis that assumes that the observer's estimate of the reward-maximizing decision criterion is determined from the steepness of the objective reward function that relates expected reward to decision criterion placement. Experiments used to develop and test the theory require each observer to complete a large number of trials and to participate in all conditions of the experiment. This provides maximal control over the reinforcement history of the observer and allows a focus on individual behavioral profiles. The theory is applied to decision criterion learning problems that examine category discriminability, payoff matrix multiplication and addition effects, the optimal classifier's independence assumption, and different types of trial-by-trial feedback. In every case the theory provides a good account of the data, and, most important, provides useful insights into the psychological processes involved in decision criterion learning. 相似文献
105.
106.
材料的几何属性差异对3—7岁儿童分类标准影响的研究 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:4
以73名3—7岁儿童为被试,通过变换分类材料的几何属性(形状或大小)的差异程度,采用自由分类方法,探讨材料差异程度的变换对儿童分类标准的影响。结果表明:3—7岁儿童的分类标准均受分类材料几何属性差异变化的影响。3岁儿童的分类标准几乎完全随分类材料的变换而改变;4—5岁儿童的分类标准主要表现为随分类材料的变换而改变;6—7岁儿童的分类标准虽然有随分类材料的变换而改变的趋势,但已经表现出比较稳定的按形状分类;5—6岁是儿童分类能力发展的质的飞跃阶段。 相似文献
107.
Lorenz B. Puntel 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1999,30(1):101-130
The present article purports to show that the protocol sentence debate, pursued by some leading members of the Vienna Circle
in the mid-1930s, was essentially a controversy over the explanation and the real significance of the concept of truth. It
is further shown that the fundamental issue underlying the discussions about the concept of truth was the relationship between
form and content, as well as between logic/language and the world. R. Carnap was the philosopher who most explicitly and systematically
attempted to come to grips with this problem. It is shown that the form-content distinction pervades the three most important
phases of Carnap's philosophical development: the structuralist (in Der logische Aufbau der Welt), the syntactical and the
semantical. His final semantical stance is essentially determined by the concept of linguistic frameworks. The article purports
to demonstrate that this concept cannot be dispensed with in philosophy, but that Carnap failed to work out its ontological
implications. Finally, the concept of an internal ontology is briefly delineated.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
108.
Iain Law 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》1999,2(3):263-276
This paper examines recent attempts to defend Rule-Consequentialism against a traditional objection. That objection takes the form of a dilemma, that either Rule-Consequentialism collapses into Act-Consequentialism or it is incoherent. Attempts to avoid this dilemma based on the idea that using RC has better results than using AC are rejected on the grounds that they conflate the ideas of a criterion of rightness and a decision procedure. Other strategies, Brad Hooker's prominent amongst them, involving the thought that RC need contain no overarching concern to maximize the good are acknowledged to avoid the original dilemma, but lead to further problems of motivating and justifying RC in the absence of such a concern. The paper argues that Hooker's attempt to deal with these problems by using a 'Reflective Equilibrium plus method is unsuccessful. 相似文献
109.
Robert J. Boik 《Psychometrika》1981,46(3):241-255
The validity conditions for univariate repeated measures designs are described. Attention is focused on the sphericity requirement. For av degree of freedom family of comparisons among the repeated measures, sphericity exists when all contrasts contained in thev dimensional space have equal variances. Under nonsphericity, upper and lower bounds on test size and power of a priori, repeated measures,F tests are derived. The effects of nonsphericity are illustrated by means of a set of charts. The charts reveal that small departures from sphericity (.97 <1.00) can seriously affect test size and power. It is recommended that separate rather than pooled error term procedures be routinely used to test a priori hypotheses.Appreciation is extended to Milton Parnes for his insightful assistance. 相似文献
110.
Zhihui Fu Susu Zhang Ya-Hui Su Ningzhong Shi Jian Tao 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2021,74(3):427-464
The four-parameter logistic (4PL) item response model, which includes an upper asymptote for the correct response probability, has drawn increasing interest due to its suitability for many practical scenarios. This paper proposes a new Gibbs sampling algorithm for estimation of the multidimensional 4PL model based on an efficient data augmentation scheme (DAGS). With the introduction of three continuous latent variables, the full conditional distributions are tractable, allowing easy implementation of a Gibbs sampler. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the proposed method and several popular alternatives. An empirical data set was analysed using the 4PL model to show its improved performance over the three-parameter and two-parameter logistic models. The proposed estimation scheme is easily accessible to practitioners through the open-source IRTlogit package. 相似文献