三品到九品 承前与启后——荀悦性三品论阐微

人性问题是荀悦整个思想体系的理论基石和核心问题之一,他是性三品论的坚定拥护者,更是一位承前启后、富有创见的理论家。荀悦提出了"兼取"的理论,认为在性与情的应合互动关系中,还存在一种"兼取"的状态;他还创造性地提出了"性之九品"的主张,把人之三品更细化为九品,将汉代的性三品论又向前推进了一步。荀悦的学说为后世学者提供了可资借鉴的思想素材和研究框架。     

Contemplating spiritual experience: Winnicott's potential space,Tibetan bardo,and liminality

Abstract

In this paper, ways of contemplating and accommodating the unfamiliar, especially the “other” of spiritual experience, are considered. Some concepts from psychoanalysis, such as Winnicott's “potential space” and his notion of “holding,” are helpful in comprehending spiritual experiences that can easily be misunderstood, or “flattened out” to use Bion's phrase. Interesting and rather remarkable confluences in these concepts from psychoanalysis and from Tibetan Buddhism (bardo) and cultural anthropology (liminality) are considered in their functions of both enabling and comprehending these extraordinary and often life-enhancing experiences.     

视觉注意选择性的认知心理学理论研究进展

对注意选择性及其作用的探讨又具有极大的方法论价值 ,它既涉及许多基于有注意参与的知觉、决策、学习和记忆等重大心理学理论问题 ,又涉及对这些理论的评价以及其他一系列的研究方法的理解 ,本文仅就目前认知心理学关于“基于空间”和“基于客体”两大理论学派的研究进行简要回顾。     

Task instructions determine the visuospatial and verbal–spatial nature of number–space associations

Evidence for number–space associations comes from the spatial–numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect, consisting in faster reaction times to small/large digits with the left/right hand, respectively. Two different proposals are commonly discussed concerning the cognitive origin of the SNARC effect: the visuospatial account and the verbal–spatial account. Recent studies have provided evidence for the relative dominance of verbal–spatial over visuospatial coding mechanisms, when both mechanisms were directly contrasted in a magnitude comparison task. However, in these studies, participants were potentially biased towards verbal–spatial number processing by task instructions based on verbal–spatial labels. To overcome this confound and to investigate whether verbal–spatial coding mechanisms are predominantly activated irrespective of task instructions, we completed the previously used paradigm by adding a spatial instruction condition. In line with earlier findings, we could confirm the predominance of verbal–spatial number coding under verbal task instructions. However, in the spatial instruction condition, both verbal–spatial and visuospatial mechanisms were activated to an equal extent. Hence, these findings clearly indicate that the cognitive origin of number–space associations does not always predominantly rely on verbal–spatial processing mechanisms, but that the spatial code associated with numbers is context dependent.     

知识图景vs.生活世界:关系空间内的医患沟通及其启示

在因诊疗形成的关系空间内, 医患沟通的本质是来自患方的社会认知与来自医方的知识认知之间的交流。基于知识图景的医方话语传递成为医疗空间内医患沟通的主要方式, 这容易导致专断权威、忽略患者经验和情感。欲使医患关系更加融洽, 有赖于患方基于生活世界的认识能否为医方所洞察和理解, 进而使医学专业知识能够被生活世界建构的经验所理解、信任和遵从。目前主观上的医方情感沟通的动力不足, 客观上的沟通时间匮乏, 导致了医患沟通的障碍。应当从加强基层医疗机构建设、促进沟通从疾病转向体验、尊重和促成患者的自主决策等方面着手, 实现知识图景与生活世界的交融, 构建和谐的医患关系。     

The spatial mapping of concepts in English and Mandarin

ABSTRACT

English speakers have been shown to map abstract concepts in space, which occurs on both the vertical and horizontal dimensions. For example, words such as God are associated with up and right spatial locations, and words such as Satan with down and left. If the tendency to map concepts in space is a universal property of human cognition, then it is likely that such mappings may be at least partly culturally-specific, since many concepts are themselves language-specific and therefore cultural conventions. Here we investigated whether Mandarin speakers report spatial mapping of concepts, and how these mappings compare with English speakers (i.e. are words with the same meaning associated with the same spatial locations). Across two studies, results showed that both native English and Mandarin speakers reported spatial mapping of concepts, and that the distribution of mappings was highly similar for the two groups. Theoretical implications are discussed.     

Structural Equation Modeling of Social Networks: Specification,Estimation, and Application

Psychologists are interested in whether friends and couples share similar personalities or not. However, no statistical models are readily available to test the association between personalities and social relations in the literature. In this study, we develop a statistical model for analyzing social network data with the latent personality traits as covariates. Because the model contains a measurement model for the latent traits and a structural model for the relationship between the network and latent traits, we discuss it under the general framework of structural equation modeling (SEM). In our model, the structural relation between the latent variable(s) and the outcome variable is no longer linear or generalized linear. To obtain model parameter estimates, we propose to use a two-stage maximum likelihood (ML) procedure. This modeling framework is evaluated through a simulation study under representative conditions that would be found in social network data. Its usefulness is then demonstrated through an empirical application to a college friendship network.     

汉-俄双语者阅读俄语文本的空格效应研究

采用EyeLink Ⅱ眼动仪,以汉-俄双语者(15名)和母语为俄语者(15名)为被试,要求他们阅读有空格、删除空格、去空格隔词加粗三种类型词切分方式的俄语句子,探讨不同词切分方式对两组被试俄语文本阅读的影响。结果表明:和有空格条件相比,去空格隔词加粗条件下的平均注视时间和阅读时间更长,注视次数更多,阅读速度更慢;而删除空格条件下的阅读成绩最低。在各呈现条件下,母语为俄语者的成绩都显著好于汉-俄双语者;删除空格后,汉-俄双语者比母语为俄语者的阅读时间更长,注视次数更多,阅读速度更慢。对于像俄语这种有词间空格的语言来说,删除词间空格不仅对母语读者的阅读产生干扰,对于第二语言读者的阅读产生的干扰会更大。汉-俄双语者的俄语水平和俄语文本的呈现方式影响他们的阅读。     

基于多层面模型的教学效能感量表

运用层面理论方法,在参照已有研究的基础上,对10名中学教师进行了开放式访谈,结合已有研究和访谈结果,设计了映射语句,根据层面元素组合,设计项目,编制了教学效能感量表。对200名中学教师进行初测收回有效问卷162份,运用SSA分析技术,对项目质量做了分析,对部分项目进行了删减,并修改了映射语句,再对530名中学教师进行正式施测,收回有效问卷505份,运用SSA和验证性因素分析技术对量表的构想效度进行了检验,发现量表的信、效度较高,量表符合心理测量学的要求,并证明教学效能感结构为二层面雷达图结构。