论战国时期齐国的人才价值观——由邹忌任相封君谈起

邹忌是田齐历史上的一个重要人物,任相封君,辅助国君称“强于天下”。根据相关史料对这一人物进行详细分析,我们可以了解到战国时期齐国人才思想的鲜明特点：德才兼备而更重才,与才相比,德的要求大降。这既富有战国时期鲜明的时代特色,又带有齐国社会风俗的一些印痕。     

罗杰斯与老子的人性观比较研究

西方人本主义理论的代表人物罗杰斯与道家的创始人老子的理论对人性的观点有很多相似之处,这种相似的人性观主要表现在他们对人的基本动机的理解之上,这两个基本动机分别为实现倾向性和复归倾向性。该文通过比较这两种基本动机,探讨罗杰斯与老子的人性观的相似点与不同点。     

共享心智模型：分布、层次与准确性初探

共享心智模型理论在理论和应用上已经有20多年的历史了,但它尚留有若干基本问题。共享应当包括多种形式,可从同异质和依赖性的关系上进行分析和测量;共享应是多层次多内容的,包括具体的底层构架和上层的抽象构架,以及指向共享内容的态度和信念;在共享心智的准确性和相似性上,唯一的专家心智模型可能不存在,且共享心智模型的演变发展过程较向专家靠近而言更有意义。共享不是团队过程的简单输出,共享心智模型可能包含一套团队加工过程     

Reactions to Different Types of Forced Distribution Performance Evaluation Systems

Purpose  We isolate and describe four key elements that distinguish different forms of forced distribution systems (FDS). These key elements are the consequences for low performers, differentiation of rewards for top performers, frequency of feedback, and comparison group size. We examine how these elements influence respondents’ attraction to FDS. Design/methodology/approach  Undergraduate students (n = 163) completed a policy capturing study designed to determine how these four FDS elements influence their attraction to FDS. We examine the relative importance of these elements that most influence attraction to different FDS, as well as individual attributes (i.e., cognitive ability, gender, and major) that may affect those preferences. Findings  Respondents were most attracted to systems with less stringent treatment of low performers, high differentiation of rewards, frequent feedback and large comparison groups. Consequences for low performers were nearly twice as influential as any other element. Respondents with higher cognitive ability favored high reward differentiation and males were less affected by stringent consequences for low performers. Implications  Before practitioners implement FDS, it would be prudent to consider all four elements examined in this study—with the treatment of low performers being the most salient issue. Future accounts of FDS should clarify the nature of these elements when reporting on FDS. Such precision will be useful in generating a knowledge base on FDS. Originality/value   We add precision to the discussion of FDS by identifying four key elements. This is one of the first studies to examine perceptions of FDS from a ratee perspective.

基于理论观的类别研究进展

介绍了西方类别研究中基于理论的观点及其研究进展。该理论强调知识背景对所形成的类别表征的影响,主张类别知识的组织是多范畴的,不同的学习任务可以导致基于原型或样例的类别表征,类别知识的运用反过来也会影响原有的类别表征。按时间顺序对理论观的产生、主要观点和经典研究进行了总结。     

文化与心理治疗

关于文化与心理治疗的关系,主要有文化相对论与文化中立论两种观点。它们各有一定的积极之处和局限性。其实,心理治疗具有普遍性与特殊性两种属性。因此,应注意对心理与行为异常及其治疗的文化分析;积极挖掘整理本文化心理治疗的理论与方法,实现心理治疗的本土化或文化化;加强心理治疗理论与方法的文化整合。     

《管子》荣辱观的基本内涵和体系特征

《管子》社会伦理道德思想中蕴含有以"四维"为核心的丰富的荣辱思想,其基本内涵包括热爱祖国、爱民护民、重诚尚信、团结同德、节俭去奢、遵纪守法等方面。《法禁》篇也对《管子》荣辱观基本内涵有所折射。《管子》荣辱观带有鲜明的齐文化"经世致用"的理论色彩。     

Shared structure need not be shared set-structure

Recent semantic approaches to scientific structuralism, aiming to make precise the concept of shared structure between models, formally frame a model as a type of set-structure. This framework is then used to provide a semantic account of (a) the structure of a scientific theory, (b) the applicability of a mathematical theory to a physical theory, and (c) the structural realist’s appeal to the structural continuity between successive physical theories. In this paper, I challenge the idea that, to be so used, the concept of a model and so the concept of shared structure between models must be formally framed within a single unified framework, set-theoretic or other. I first investigate the Bourbaki-inspired assumption that structures are types of set-structured systems and next consider the extent to which this problematic assumption underpins both Suppes’ and recent semantic views of the structure of a scientific theory. I then use this investigation to show that, when it comes to using the concept of shared structure, there is no need to agree with French that “without a formal framework for explicating this concept of ‘structure-similarity’ it remains vague, just as Giere’s concept of similarity between models does ...” (French, 2000, Synthese, 125, pp. 103–120, p. 114). Neither concept is vague; either can be made precise by appealing to the concept of a morphism, but it is the context (and not any set-theoretic type) that determines the appropriate kind of morphism. I make use of French’s (1999, From physics to philosophy (pp. 187–207). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) own example from the development of quantum theory to show that, for both Weyl and Wigner’s programmes, it was the context of considering the ‘relevant symmetries’ that determined that the appropriate kind of morphism was the one that preserved the shared Lie-group structure of both the theoretical and phenomenological models. I wish to thank Katherine Brading, Anjan Chakravartty, Steven French, Martin Thomson-Jones, Antigone Nounou, Stathis Psillos, Dean Rickles, Mauricio Suarez and two anonymous referees for valuable comments and criticisms, and Gregory Janzen for editorial suggestions. Research for this paper was funded by a generous SSHRC grant for which I am grateful     

Limits on Log Odds Ratios for Unidimensional Item Response Theory Models

Bounds are established for log odds ratios (log cross-product ratios) involving pairs of items for item response models. First, expressions for bounds on log odds ratios are provided for one-dimensional item response models in general. Then, explicit bounds are obtained for the Rasch model and the two-parameter logistic (2PL) model. Results are also illustrated through an example from a study of model-checking procedures. The bounds obtained can provide an elementary basis for assessment of goodness of fit of these models. Any opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Educational Testing Service. The authors thank Dan Eignor, Matthias von Davier, Lydia Gladkova, Brian Junker, and the three anonymous reviewers for their invaluable advice. The authors gratefully acknowledge the help of Kim Fryer with proofreading.     

Perception and its objects

Early modern empiricists thought that the nature of perceptual experience is given by citing the object presented to the mind in that experience. Hallucination and illusion suggest that this requires untenable mind-dependent objects. Current orthodoxy replaces the appeal to direct objects with the claim that perceptual experience is characterized instead by its representational content. This paper argues that the move to content is problematic, and reclaims the early modern empiricist insight as perfectly consistent, even in cases of illusion, with the realist contention that these direct objects of perception are the persisting mind-independent physical objects we all know and love.