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101.
David C. Randall David R. Brown Laura V. Brown Jay M. Kilgore Marty M. Behnke Samuel K. Moore Karen R. Powell 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1993,28(3):258-269
The objective of these experiments was to quantify the pattern of change in arterial blood pressure (BP) during a discriminative
aversive classical conditioning paradigm in rat using a new “high resolution” computer analysis. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=5)
were restrained in a soft, conical cloth pouch and conditioned using a 6 sec. pulsed tone (CS+) followed by a 0.5 sec. tail
shock; a steady tone, never followed by shock, served as a CS-. BP peaked at 16.4±6.5 mm Hg (mean±SD) above control at 1.5±0.1
sec. after onset of CS+. This “first component” (“C1”) also occurred during CS- (12.1±3.8 mm Hg), although the magnitudes of the two were significantly (p<0.05) different. Another
group of rats (n=8) was treated identically except the tones were 15 seconds long. The conditional BP response consisted of
two components. C1 was reminiscent of that seen using the short tone: for CS+ a peak of 13.6±5.6 mm Hg at 1.5 sec. or, for CS-, of 10.0±4.3
at 1.3 sec. (p<0.05). In CS+ trials BP peaked again (“C2,” 7.4±2.5 mm Hg) at 8.3±1.2 sec. There was no statistically significant C2 for CS- trials, clearly demonstrating discrimination between tones. The unconditional BP response in both groups consisted
of two large, closely spaced peaks in BP. Respiration was recorded in 3 additional rats. After shock delivery these subjects
often showed a sudden shift between (1) a regular respiratory pattern with moderate chest excursion and (2) apneic episodes
interspersed with single, deep breaths. This latter pattern was associated with large, low frequency fluctuations in BP. Continued
development of the rat conditioning paradigm is especially warranted because of the ability to record sympathetic nerve activity
in intact, awake subjects and the large number of readily available genetic strains, which model human pathological states. 相似文献
102.
Katsuya Kitaguchi 《The Japanese psychological research》2000,42(3):135-143
The present experiments were designed to test whether initial excitatory conditioning to a stimulus was obtained, using a within-subject design of the truly random control (TRC) procedure, and to examine the effects of the density of the conditioned stimulus on it. In Experiment 1, the effect of the three levels of CS density (50%, 25%, 20%) was assessed at six different stages of training, using the conditioned suppression of licking in rats. Although all of the groups given the TRC procedure showed evidence of initial excitatory conditioning, it was more marked in the group with the highest CS density than in the other groups. Experiment 2 confirmed the results of Experiment 1, using a between-subject design. The findings are in line with predictions from the Rescorla-Wagner model, and are discussed with reference to other contemporary theories of associative learning. 相似文献
103.
In previous studies we have shown that subordinate swordtail males (Xiphophorus helleri) direct more bites to their mirror image than dominants and, in confrontations with strange dominant males, approach the opponent more often during the pre-escalation period of fights. Consequently, we predicted that fights between two omega-males should escalate faster than fights between two alpha-males. Indeed, in omega-omega fights preescalation periods were shorter and biting rates were higher than in alpha-alpha fights before the fights escalated from the first retaliation bite onward. Another new observation was that in omega-alpha confrontations the first bite in the pre-escalation period was executed more often by the omega-male and there was also a tendency to bite more compared to the alpha-male in that stage of the encounters. We conclude that sub-ordinate males escalate faster and fight more offensively prior to escalation than do dominant males. The results cannot be explained by the “social conditioning principle.” On the ultimate level moderate costs of losing and high benefits of winning a fight, constraints on continued growth after maturing, short life-expectancy, and habitat saturation are probably factors promoting the offensive tactics of subordinate males. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
104.
Vansteenwegen D Vervliet B Hermans D Beckers T Baeyens F Eelen P 《Behaviour research and therapy》2006,44(12):1717-1725
It was previously demonstrated in our laboratory that conditioned fear in humans can renew after extinction, when this procedure took place in a different context (ABA-renewal [Vansteenwegen et al. (2005). Return of fear in a human differential conditioning paradigm caused by a return to the original acquisition context. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(3), 323–336]). Using the same experimental design, we now tested the power of retrieval cues to interact with this contextual renewal phenomenon. Two groups went through acquisition and extinction (in a different context). They were then tested in the original acquisition context and in the presence of a retrieval cue. In the acquisition-cue group, this cue previously featured during the acquisition procedure; in the extinction-cue group, the cue previously featured during the extinction procedure. As expected, renewal of conditioned electro-dermal responding and retrospective expectancy ratings was strongest in the acquisition-cue group. Theoretical and clinical implications of this finding are discussed. 相似文献
105.
The generality and long-term maintenance of a pairing procedure designed to improve the efficacy of less intrusive procedures were evaluated for the treatment of problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement exhibited by 2 individuals with developmental disabilities. Results suggested that a less intrusive procedure could be established as a conditioned punisher by pairing it with an effective punisher contingent on problem behavior. Generalization across multiple therapists was demonstrated for both participants. However, generalization to another setting was not achieved for 1 participant until pairing was conducted in the second setting. Long-term maintenance was observed with 1 participant in the absence of further pairing trials. Maintenance via intermittent pairing trials was successful for the other participant. 相似文献
106.
In autoshaping experiments, we quantified the acquisition of anticipatory head poking in individual mice, using an algorithm that finds changes in the slope of a cumulative record. In most mice, upward changes in the amount of anticipatory poking per trial were abrupt, and tended to occur at session boundaries, suggesting that the session is as significant a unit of experience as the trial. There were large individual differences in the latency to the onset of vigorous responding. "Asymptotic" performance was unstable; large, bidirectional, and relatively enduring changes were common. Given the characteristics of the individual learning curves, it is unlikely that physiologically meaningful estimates of rate of learning can be extracted from group-average learning curves. 相似文献
107.
Peter R. Finn Alicia N. Justus Carlos Mazas Linda Rorick Joseph E. Steinmetz 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2001,36(2):154-167
This study investigated whether low levels of the personality trait of constraint and early-onset alcoholism would be associated
with deficits in aversive conditioning and smaller responses to novelty in a stimulus mismatch protocol. Personality traits
(constraint and socialization) and skin conductance responses (SCRs) during conditioning and novelty paradigms were assessed
in alcoholics (n=41) and non-alcoholics (n=32). The conditioning protocol involved measuring SCRs after conditioned stimuli
(CS+: tones) paired with shock, CS− tones unpaired with shock, and CS+ probes unpaired with shock. The mismatch protocol involved
measuring SCRs to auditory stimuli consisting of a series of 5 pure tones of the same pitch followed a shorter white noise
stimulus (the novel stimulus). Contrary to the hypothesis, alcoholics did not differ from non-alcoholics in SCRs to CS+ probes
or on the mismatch measure (SCR novel tone—SCR to 5th tone). Higher levels of constraint and self-reports of fear during conditioning were associated with smaller responses to
both the CS+ probes and the CS− tones as well as the mismatch measure within non-alcoholics, but not within alcoholics. In
alcoholics, low constraint was associated with greater habituation to CS+ probes, and poor differential conditioning on measures
of change across trials in SCR to CS+ probes and CS− stimuli. The results suggest that different processes influence levels
of constraint in non-alcoholics and alcoholics. The data indicate that low constraint in non-alcoholics is associated with
allocating fewer processing resources to potentially significant stimuli, rather than being associated with a specific deficit
in aversive conditioning per se. 相似文献
108.
精神分裂症动物模型的建立与发展,是当前探索精神分裂症的神经生物学和认知心理学机制的一个关键课题。在加工-保护理论的基础上所建立起来的感觉运动门控精神分裂症模型一直受到普遍的关注。然而,高级认知活动是如何对感觉门控进行调节的这一核心问题目前还有待进一步的解决。本综述围绕着这个核心问题,系统地解释为什么惊反射前脉冲抑制成为目前最为流行的一种精神分裂症的模型,并介绍恐惧情绪学习对感觉运动门控调节作用的最新研究成果,以及阐述这种自上而下的调节作用如何受到在早期发育阶段的社会隔离的影响 相似文献
109.
110.
Lymnaea stagnalis were operantly conditioned to not perform aerial respiratory behaviour in a specific context (i.e. context-1). The memory for this learned response was reactivated 3 days later in context-1. During the 1 h reconsolidation period following memory reactivation, randomly picked snails were either maintained in context-1 or exposed to a new context (i.e. context-2). One hour later in the post-reconsolidation period, snails in context-1 were placed for 1 h in context-2 and vice-versa. In neither the hypoxic reconsolidation nor the post reconsolidation periods did snails receive a reinforcing stimulus when they opened their pneumostome. All snails were blindly tested for memory 24 h later period in context-2. Only those snails that had been exposed to context-2 during the reconsolidation period exhibited 'memory' for context-2. That is, memory infidelity was observed. Snails exposed to context-2 in only the post-reconsolidation period did not show memory for context-2. The immediate cooling of snails after their exposure to the new context in the reconsolidation period blocked the formation the implanted memory. Snails trained in context-1 and exposed to context-2 in the consolidation period only, also did not have memory for context-2. However, the memory for context-1 could still be recalled following successful implantation of the 'new' memory. All data presented here are consistent with the notion that during the reconsolidation process memory can be updated. 相似文献