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201.
An adult, with a puppet held at shoulder height on either side (within the infant's visual field), interacted with 3- to-6-month-olds, turning her head intermittently to talk to a puppet. Seventy- three percent of infants' first eye-turns were in the direction of the adult head-turn. 相似文献
202.
After a short introduction into the changing nature of our society and organizations, we outline two kinds of flexibility of labor: qualitative flexibility, that is the degree to which people who work in or for a certain organization can and do perform different tasks, and quantitative flexibility, that is, varying the quantity of personnel and their working hours. Then, the different ways in which we organize our work and organizations are dealt with in terms of quantitative and qualitative flexibility. Next, we survey these ways of organizing on the degree to which they moderate the positive individual outcomes, or individual goals, of work. It can be concluded that quantitatively flexible work, besides some minor positive consequences, may have serious negative consequences for one's well-being, health, and personal development, while qualitative flexibility may have many more advantages, though it may lead to a devastating task overload. Last, we explore some ways to alleviate these negative effects. 相似文献
203.
The purpose of the study was to investigate occupational stress among Chinese factory workers (N=342), from three cities of South East China, using the shortened version of the Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI)-2. The
results showed that the reliabilities and predictive validity of the OSI-2 subscales and other subscales used for the study
were reasonably high. Quite a high percentage of workers perceived high work pressure. The main sources of stress were intrinsic
to the job; and the coping strategies that were most frequently used to tackle stress were “control” methods. In addition,
“satisfaction on environmental condition” seemed to be a common predictor for job satisfaction, and mental and physical well-being.
The logical relationships between job satisfaction, mental well-being and physical well-being in Chinese workers have provided
support to the findings obtained in Western countries. 相似文献
204.
Employees who planned to attend a worksite stress management program (volunteers), those who planned not to attend (nonvolunteers),
and those who had participated in worksite stress management training were assessed on the variables of work stressors, perceived
stress, and organizational spontaneity (extrarole) behavior. Twelve hundred hospital employees were randomly selected from
seven VA hospitals that had been offering a stress management program for at least 5 years. Participants received questionnaire
packets in the mail and 461 (38%) of the employees responded. The results showed that volunteers reported significantly more
perceived stress than the nonvolunteers. However, volunteers did not report greater frequency or intensity of work stressors.
Also, respondents who had participated in past stress training reported less perceived stress than volunteers and significantly
more organizational spontaneity behavior than respondents who had not participated in past stress training. These findings
suggest that employees who plan to attend stress training have the greatest need and that the stress intervention reduces
perceived stress levels and, possibly, affects work behavior. 相似文献
205.
This paper is a reply to an accompanying set of six commentaries by Sidman; Hayes and Barnes; Schusterman, Kastak, and Reichmuth; Tonneau and Sokolowski; Lowenkron; and Moerk. Those commentaries were prompted by our article “On the Origins of Naming and Other Symbolic Behavior” (1996), which was, in turn, followed by 26 commentaries and a reply. In the course of the present reply, we further develop the naming account to embrace more complex verbal relations such as same, different, more, and less. We also examine what we see as the lack of conceptual coherence in equivalence theories, including relational frame theory, and the disparities between these accounts and the findings from empirical research. 相似文献
206.
A measure of parental stress in mothers with small children: dimensionality, stability and validity 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Monica Östberg Berit Hagekull & Sigrid Wettergren 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1997,38(3):199-208
Self-reported parental stress was investigated in three samples of mothers with small children, using a Swedish version of the Parenting Stress Index (PSI). Dimensionality in experienced stress using items from six PSI Parent Domain subscales and eight new items was examined in factor analyses of data from a nationwide representative sample. Cross-validation proved the chosen factor pattern to be stable. Based on an oblique 5-factor solution new subscales were constructed. A second order factor analysis indicated influence from a higher order factor, seen as a general parental stress construct. High alpha coefficients revealed that homogeneous subscales had been formed. Test-retest correlations indicated good stability over a mean time period of 30 days. Influences from maternal background variables were found, but no relation to child age or gender. Global estimates of parental stress, reported child problems, mothers' scoring on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and two measures of social support all correlated significantly with overall parental stress, and with some subscales. The justification of the subscale approach to parental stress was discussed. It was concluded that the PSI in its present form could be used as a reliable and valid instrument for measuring experienced parental stress in mothers of young children. 相似文献
207.
Reene M. Sterling Patricia M. Barbetta William L. Heward Timothy E. Heron 《Journal of Behavioral Education》1997,7(2):151-165
An alternating treatments design was used to compare the effects of active student response (ASR) and on-task (OT) instruction on the acquisition and maintenance of health facts during small-group lessons. Five students with learning difficulties (4 students identified as developmentally handicapped and 1 student identified as learning disabled) participated in daily instruction on weekly sets of 20 unknown health facts (10 facts assigned to the ASR condition and 10 to the OT condition). During ASR instruction, the teacher modeled the correct response to a health question that was presented visually on a health fact card, and the students immediately repeated the correct response in unison three times. During OT instruction, students attended visually to the health fact card as the teacher modeled the correct response. All 5 students made more correct responses on end-of-day tests on health facts taught with ASR instruction than they did on health facts taught with OT instruction. ASR instruction also produced consistently superior results on maintenance tests administered 2 weeks after instruction. 相似文献
208.
R. Grossarth-Maticek H.J. Eysenck A. Pfeifer P. Schmidt G. Koppel 《Personality and individual differences》1997,23(6):949-960
We report the results of a prospective study of a random sample of 1353 elderly but healthy men and women who were followed up for a period of 10 yr, when mortality and cause of death were ascertained. Overall results have been reported elsewhere for mortality from cancer, coronary heart disease and other causes; here we are concerned with the personality factors predicting breast cancer, cervical cancer, cancer of the corpus uteri specifically, as well as other types of cancer in women. Ten specific hypotheses were tested, using specially constructed questionnaires for the purpose, and for most of these statistically significant support was obtained. The results justify belief that specific types of cancer may be related to specific stress/personality factors. 相似文献
209.
Brian K. Martens Tracy A. Bradley Tanya L. Eckert 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1997,30(3):569-572
We examined the effects of three reinforcement histories on the persistence of task engagement by 2 fourth-grade students using a partially counterbalanced ABCDBCD design. In each condition, an experimenter made four student contacts during the first 2 min of each session (reinforcement baseline), followed by an 8-min extinction period. The reinforcement history that contained an instructional control component produced the greatest persistence in student engagement. The applied relevance of instructional control is discussed. 相似文献
210.
Rosana Glat Karen Gould Lawrence T. Stoddard Murray Sidman 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1994,27(4):699-704
This case study describes initially unsuccessful attempts to use the delayed-cue procedure to teach conditional discriminations to an individual with moderate mental retardation. The task was matching printed-word comparison stimuli to dictated-name sample stimuli. In three experiments, the subject typically waited for the delayed cue unless differential responses to the dictated samples (repeating the sample names) were required. Hence, the study provides an example of a way to make the delayed-cue method more effective. The stimulus control bases for the results are discussed. 相似文献