Matching and oddity relational learning by pigeons (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Columba livia</Emphasis>): transfer from color to shape

Relational learning, as opposed to perceptual learning, is based on the abstract properties of the stimuli. Although at present there is no doubt that pigeons are capable of relational behavior, this study aims to further disclose the conditions under which it occurs. Pigeons were trained in an outdoor cage on a matching-to-sample or an oddity-from-sample task, with colored cardboard stimuli presented horizontally. The apparatus involved three sliding lids on which the stimuli were drawn and which, when displaced, revealed the reinforcement. The lids were either adjacent to each other or somewhat separated. Training sessions involved two colors, and test sessions six different colors (same dimension test), or six different shapes (different dimension test). One group of birds trained under the ‘adjacent’ condition failed when tested with new stimuli, but succeeded in both dimension tests after training under the ‘separate’ condition. Two other groups of birds succeeded in all tests after training under the latter condition. These results show that depending on procedural details, pigeons are or are not able to transfer from one visual dimension to another, thus extending previous related findings.     

不同条件下拟合指数的表现及临界值的选择

在本模拟研究中设计了6种样本容量,6种因子载荷,和4种评分等级,并考察了正态和非正态分布两种情况。采用的错误模型为参数误置（真模型中每个因子各由5个题目来测量,错误模型中则是第一个因子由6个题测量,另两个因子各由4个和5个题来测量,即有一个因子载荷被误置）模型。结果发现（1）样本量、载荷量、评分等级数和分布形态都对GOF的取值确有影响。其中分布形态的影响最大。NNFI、IFI在不同条件下的平均值是最稳定的,其次是CFI、RMSEA和SRMR。它们都算是值得推荐的GOF,尤其是NNFI和IFI。（2）在正态分布中,当样本量≥1000时,根据NNFI、IFI、CFI、RMSEA、SRMR对模型是否拟合做出判断时有很低的两类错误率,在样本量<1000时则不理想。在偏态条件下无论选择哪个GOF两类错误率都很高。（3）采用2指数策略在很多情况下也不能显著降低两类错误率。（4）由于在数据分布非正态,或正态但样本量<1000时是难判断模型是否拟合的。因此我们提出了2界值策略。即为每个GOF确定上下两个界值。低于下界值时可判断模型是不正确的,而高于上界值时则可判断模型是正确的。GOF取值处于上下界值之间时难以判断模型是否拟合,只能说越高拟合的可能性越大。这时就要通过跨样本验证和增加样本量来确定模型是否正确     

An intervention study of the effects of the coping strategy of "finding positive meaning" on positive affect and health

Previous research has shown that positive affect (PA) is associated with the coping strategies of "searching for and finding positive meaning." The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the coping strategy of "finding positive meaning" and PA using an intervention method. Additionally, inasmuch as previous research has revealed that PA is associated with physical and mental health status, the current study measured health status in order to carry out a preliminary test as to whether PA increased by the intervention can also improve health. Participants in the intervention group (Japanese graduate students; 13 men and 16 women) reported the most stressful event during the past 3 days and its positive meaning, while those in the control group (13 men and 15 women) reported the most stressful event alone. Both groups reported twice a week for 5 successive weeks using e-mails. Three questionnaires, the Japanese version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule scales for measuring positive and negative affects (NA), the situational version of the General Coping Questionnaire for coping strategies, and the Japanese version of the General Health Questionnaire for health status, were administered to all participants just before the start of the intervention, after the conclusion of the intervention, and at the 5-week follow-up session. Results revealed that the "finding positive meaning" coping strategy and PA were enhanced by the intervention in the follow-up for men and women with no changes in NA. For the health scales of the General Health Questionnaire, no significant group-related effects were observed. Thus, the intervention had no significant influence on NA or health status. Implications of these findings for future research are discussed along with a few limitations in this study.     

Criterion knowledge: A moderator of using the recognition heuristic?

The recognition heuristic (RH) claims that people base inferences on recognition only. This has been questioned by several studies which found that additional knowledge was influential. However, in some of these studies, participants' additional knowledge might have encompassed criterion knowledge thus rendering any inferential strategy superfluous. The present study was therefore designed to test the effect of criterion knowledge on use or non‐use of the RH. Eighty‐one participants made pair‐wise comparisons with respect to the size of Belgian cities and also provided estimates of the cities' actual size. We found that relative criterion knowledge (i.e., knowledge about the relative position of an object on the criterion dimension) did indeed play some role, but its exclusion left the main critical findings intact, nonetheless. We thus conclude that previous studies conducted in the paradigm of natural recognition should not be generally refuted by the argument of participants possessing criterion knowledge. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

下咽癌治疗的临床决策

下咽癌是一种预后较差的头颈部肿瘤。目前下咽癌治疗的临床决策还存在很多不规范和不合理的问题。运用循证医学的原则来指导和规范下咽癌治疗的临床决策,以期提高患者的治疗效果、降低医疗费用及提高生活质量。     

影响无痛分娩推广的因素分析及临床对策

分娩是生殖健康的一个重要组成部分,如何减轻分娩疼痛,倡导生殖健康是现代医学领域研究的课题之一。本文通过反映我国无痛分娩率较低的现状,分析了影响无痛分娩推广的因素,指出了无痛分娩推广的重大临床意义及社会效益,并提出有效提高无痛分娩率的临床对策。     

低收入女性的生活史特质与繁衍策略的关系

本研究探讨了单一性伙伴（n = 222）、两个以上性伙伴（n = 145）与无性伙伴（n = 106）三组低收入女性的长期配偶偏好、人生阅历、生活史特质与个人特征的关系。研究结果显示三组女性的配偶偏好趋于一致,繁衍策略的组别差异与人生阅历和所处环境具有较高相关,三组女性并不偏好特定类型的配偶。路径分析显示首次生育年龄直接预测配偶数量,受教育水平和初次性交时间对配偶数量与首次生育年龄之间的关系具有显著调节作用;女儿与父亲相处的时间可以预测初次性交年龄。研究结果显示父亲投资影响青少年性行为发展的时间表,人类繁衍的长期进化是性行为变化的根源     

产前筛查的几点思考

在临床工作中,患者因某些原因不能得到有效或常规的治疗,而最终选择停止继续治疗、即放弃治疗,及时、合理、正确地处理放弃治疗对患者、医务人员、家庭、社会等是极其重要的。对临床上常见的放弃治疗原因进行了全面分析,包括患方、医生、功利、无奈、道德等方面的原因,并提出了解决放弃治疗的临床决策,该研究为临床治疗过程中提供了重要的理论参考。     

难治性抑郁症成因与优化治疗的思考

抑郁症是一种高患病率、高致残率及高自杀率的严重精神疾患。在过去10年中,抗抑郁药物研究取得了突飞猛进的进展,然而,在临床上仍约有30％～50％的抑郁症患者最终成为难治性抑郁症病例。目前针对难治性抑郁症尚无较好的治疗策略。本文运用系统论方法学分析生物、心理、社会各个要素在病因中所起作用,探讨最佳治疗策略。     

非小细胞肺癌的综合诊治策略——NCCN肿瘤学临床实践指南（2006第二版）评析

肺癌目前位于世界肿瘤死亡原因的首位。肺癌的治疗应根据临床不同的分期,选择规范化的治疗方案。肺癌规范化综合治疗可使早期肺癌患者5年生存率达50%~70%左右。中晚期达到25%左右。美国NCCN肿瘤学临床实践指南在2006年发布了第二版非小细胞肺癌治疗方案,对于规范化治疗肺癌以及提高肺癌病人生存率和生存质量有着积极的意义。