非小细胞肺癌的综合诊治策略——NCCN肿瘤学临床实践指南（2006第二版）评析

肺癌目前位于世界肿瘤死亡原因的首位。肺癌的治疗应根据临床不同的分期,选择规范化的治疗方案。肺癌规范化综合治疗可使早期肺癌患者5年生存率达50%~70%左右。中晚期达到25%左右。美国NCCN肿瘤学临床实践指南在2006年发布了第二版非小细胞肺癌治疗方案,对于规范化治疗肺癌以及提高肺癌病人生存率和生存质量有着积极的意义。     

新生儿重症监护室（NICU）中放弃治疗的决策

随着现代主义哲学与伦理学,尤其是生命价值理论对"放弃治疗"的支持,以及相关科学标准和程序法则的建立,对于新生儿重症监护室中的一部分病情危重且又预后不良的新生儿来说,理应作出放弃治疗的决策。但在实施的过程中,存在许多困难,医生有客观告知的义务,但最后的决策权仍在患儿父母。从NICU中放弃治疗的对象、依据、医院面临的困境、决策的实施以及解决实施过程中矛盾冲突的对策方面加以讨论。     

基于两方博弈关系分析的医保制度改进策略研究

刘璇张朋柱张敏针对医保制度实施以来的实际运作情况,从博弈角度分析了医保基金缴纳和使用异常行为出现的原因;并从改变博弈均衡解的角度提出了有效引导企业、医患、医院走出异常的一系列措施建立针对企业、医患、医院的黑名单制度,通过信息共享降低监督成本,将服务质量纳入与医院的结算办法等。     

鲁绣的演变及影响——从威海地区的刺绣看鲁绣的传承与发展

鲁绣,作为山东著名的传统刺绣,是我国刺绣工艺史上记载最早的品种之一。其演变过程历史悠久,遍布广泛。本文通过对鲁绣发展演变的研究,来进一步加强鲁绣作为传统的刺绣工艺品的传承和发展,并提出一些对鲁绣艺术发展的相应对策。     

Electrophysiological Evidence of Different Interpretative Strategies in Irony Comprehension

We explore the hypothesis that induction of holistic or analytic strategies influences comprehension and processing of highly contextualized expressions of ordinary language, such as irony. Twenty undergraduate students were asked to categorize as coherent or incoherent a group of sentences. Each sentence completed a previous story, so that they could be ironical, literal or nonsensical endings. Participants were asked to evaluate whether each sentence was coherent or incoherent. Half of them were initially instructed to consider whether the sentences made sense (holistic condition); the other half were instructed to consider whether the sentences were congruent or incongruent (analytic condition). Behavioral responses and Event Related Potentials were registered during the experiment. Both behavioral and electrophysiological results allow clearly distinguishing between the holistic and the analytic strategies. The fact that the same set of stimuli elicits different ERP waveforms, depending on the strategy with which they are analyzed, suggests that different cognitive processes and different areas of the brain are operating in each case.     

Effects of self‐explanation as a metacognitive strategy for solving mathematical word problems1

Abstract: This study examined how a metacognitive strategy known as self‐explanation influences word problem solving in elementary school children. Participants were 79 sixth‐graders. They were assigned to one of three groups: the self‐explanation group, the self‐learning group, or the control group. Students in each group performed a ratio word problem test and a transfer test. The results showed that students in the self‐explanation group outperformed students in the other two groups on both the ratio word problem test and on the transfer test. In addition, high explainers who generated more self‐explanations relating to deep understanding of worked‐out examples outperformed low explainers on both ratio word problem and transfer tests. The self‐explanation effect is discussed.     

The Button to Make Poverty History &; How to Double Your Donation

Even if together we could make poverty history, we would not all do our part. The paper presents a device that makes it more likely for everybody to do his part. This is achieved by making everybody’s contribution dependent on the other people’s commitment to contribute given that certain conditions are fulfilled. Furthermore, a device is introduced which, based on the same general idea, doubles everybody’s donation. Finally, possibilities, assumptions and limitations of such devices are addressed.     

测量估计研究:回顾与展望

测量估计是算术估计的一种常见形式,被看作个体数量能力早期获得的重要渠道,也可为物理测量教学提供一条有效途径。论文简要回顾了测量估计研究的发展历程,讨论了测量估计能力的发展及其影响因素,分析了个体常用的测量估计策略种类以及相关的教学训练方式,最后指出了现有研究的缺陷和今后的发展方向。     

小学2~5年级儿童基于成功基础率的策略适应性

以128名小学2~5年级儿童为被试,采用BST实验任务,对策略成功基础率变化进行控制,探讨了小学儿童策略适应性差异和发展特点。结果表明:（1）在策略成功基础率变化的情况下,小学儿童策略适应性存在年级差异,表现为2年级儿童策略适应性水平低于3年级儿童,2、3年级儿童策略适应性水平低于4、5年级儿童。（2）小学儿童策略适应性发展存在阶段性,儿童在小学2~5年级内策略适应性发生了质的变化,但是这种变化是一种渐进的发展变化过程,表现为从小学2年级到4年级儿童的策略适应性呈现显著的、渐进的变化,4、5年级之间儿童策略适应性处于稳定状态。     

作文前构思时间分配及其对写作成绩影响的研究

通过3个分实验考察了优差生的作文前构思时间分配及其不同的构思时间分配策略对作文成绩的影响。实验1发现“优生”和“差生”在无时限写作情况下,前者花在构思上的时间更多,并运用了较好的构思策略;实验2发现“优生”和“差生在限时写作情况下,在构思时间上没有显著的差异,但他们在构思策略上仍表现出差异;实验3发现长时限构思比短时限构思能够带来更好的文本质量。作者对写作前构思的计划和管理,可能是提高作文质量的自我调控策略之一。