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61.
Bale HE 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(1):31-40
Remaining important tasks in finding and developing new drugs and vaccines for HIV/AIDS, malaria, cancer and other diseases
require continued industry research and development. Industry’s research and development pipeline has produced drugs that
have saved AIDS victims previously facing certain death, but still no cure nor vaccine is yet available. Experience with the
process of research and development indicates that it requires more than a decade of development to produce a new drug with
costs in the hundreds of millions of dollars. Intellectual property protection is critically important in assuring that drug
development continues. Partnerships between industry and the public sector have increased access to new therapies in developing
countries and promise to enhance access to both patented and generic medicines in the future.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “The Ethics of Intellectual Property Rights
and Patents,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 23–24 April, 2004.
This paper was prepared with the assistance of Maciej Gajewski, Policy Research Analyst, International Federation of Pharmaceutical
Manufacturers Association (IFPMA). 相似文献
62.
Expanding Mental Health Services to Older High-Utilizing HMO Patients: A Pilot Study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Leonard J. Haas David C. Spendlove Michael P. Silver 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2001,8(3):189-197
Background: Expanded mental health benefits were offered to older HMO patients who were high medical utilizers. Outcomes of interest were use of services, subjective well-being, and psychopathology. Methods: Sixty-nine (25 male, 44 female) patients age 55 or above seeking frequent outpatient medical care completed the SF-36 health survey and the revised Symptom Check List (SCL-90-R). Patients were assigned to usual care, health education, or expanded mental health benefit conditions. Results: Patients showed high initial levels of psychopathology and distress. Over the 6 months of the study, patients in the expanded benefits group made a mean of 11.5 visits to mental health professionals versus a mean of 3.4 visits by usual care patients. Patients in the expanded benefits group showed significant improvement in SF-36 General Health and Mental Health well-being scores. Patients in the health education group showed no improvement. Patients in the usual care group showed improvements in Vitality scores. Psychopathology summary scores showed improvement for both usual care and enhanced benefit groups. Conclusions: Mental health treatment may improve well-being and reduce psychopathology in older high-utilizing patients. Creativity will be needed in expanding access to mental health services for this population. 相似文献
63.
64.
Jonathan Ellis 《Synthese》2007,159(1):47-60
Some philosophers argue that the thesis of content externalism, according to which the contents of a subject’s thoughts are
in part individuated by environmental factors, threatens the standard idea that a subject can know the contents of her thoughts
without empirical investigation. It is typically assumed, however, that this thesis does not threaten another common idea
about privileged access: that a subject can know the phenomenal character of her experience–its “what it’s like” aspect–without
empirical investigation. That is, even if content externalism is true and does imply that a subject cannot know without empirical
investigation the contents of some of her thoughts (e.g., her thoughts about water), surely she can know without empirical
investigation what it’s like for her to be having whatever experience she is having. I argue that if content externalism threatens
privileged access to content (I do not discuss whether it does), then it also threatens privileged access to phenomenal character.
My argument does not involve claiming that phenomenal character is itself externally individuated. Rather, it depends on two
other claims: (1) that introspective access to phenomenal character is conceptual; and (2) that standard arguments for content
externalism suggest that some phenomenal concepts are externally individuated. 相似文献
65.
Andrew Cullison 《Philosophical Studies》2007,136(3):305-318
By exploiting a concept called ways of believing, I offer a plausible reformulation of the doctrine of privileged access.
This reformulation will provide us with a defense of compatibilism, the view that content externalism and privileged access
are compatible. 相似文献
66.
汉语普通话声调加工的右耳优势及其机理:一项双耳分听的研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用双耳分听的任务探讨了汉语普通话声调加工的右耳优势问题,并引进反应手的因素,探讨了汉语声调加工的右耳优势的机制。结果表明,汉语母语被试对普通话声调的加工存在右耳、左脑优势,但这种优势是相对的,右脑也具备加工声调信息的能力,结果支持了直接通达模型。 相似文献
67.
Chris Westbury Jeff Keith Benny B. Briesemeister Markus J. Hofmann Arthur M. Jacobs 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2015,68(8):1599-1622
Ever since Aristotle discussed the issue in Book II of his Rhetoric, humans have attempted to identify a set of “basic emotion labels”. In this paper we propose an algorithmic method for evaluating sets of basic emotion labels that relies upon computed co-occurrence distances between words in a 12.7-billion-word corpus of unselected text from USENET discussion groups. Our method uses the relationship between human arousal and valence ratings collected for a large list of words, and the co-occurrence similarity between each word and emotion labels. We assess how well the words in each of 12 emotion label sets—proposed by various researchers over the past 118 years—predict the arousal and valence ratings on a test and validation dataset, each consisting of over 5970 items. We also assess how well these emotion labels predict lexical decision residuals (LDRTs), after co-varying out the effects attributable to basic lexical predictors. We then demonstrate a generalization of our method to determine the most predictive “basic” emotion labels from among all of the putative models of basic emotion that we considered. As well as contributing empirical data towards the development of a more rigorous definition of basic emotions, our method makes it possible to derive principled computational estimates of emotionality—specifically, of arousal and valence—for all words in the language. 相似文献
68.
采用跨语言启动的范畴判断范式,通过2个实验,考察了熟练潮-普双言者在听觉通道内和听-视跨通道条件下的语义通达机制。结果发现,无论是以潮州话词语为启动词,还是以普通话词语为启动词,当词对具有高语义相关时,启动词均对目标词产生了显著的跨语言启动效应;在听觉通道内,两种语言之间的启动量无差异,而在听-视跨通道条件下,L2对L1的启动量显著大于L1对L2的启动量。这些结果表明,熟练潮-普双言者共享语义(概念)表征,词汇表征既相互独立又互相联系,L1与L2的词汇均能直接通达语义表征,但其联系强度及其相互之间的词汇表征联系强度均存在通道差异性。整个研究结果支持Kroll等人的修正分级模型。 相似文献
69.
In everyday life, we mainly solve problems with a conscious solution search (non-insight). However, sometimes a perplexing problem is resolved by a quantum leap in understanding. This phenomenon is known as the Aha! experience (insight). Although insight has a distinct phenomenological and behavioral signature, its driving mechanism remains debated. Weisberg (2015) proposed an integrated theory of insight arguing that insight, like non-insight, mainly depends on conscious, cognitive operations with restructuring as a distinguishing feature of insight. However, only if those operations lead to an impasse, insight is achieved through unconscious processes. We assessed some of the premises of this theory by asking participants (N = 42) to solve 70 word puzzles (CRAT) that can either be solved with insight or non-insight. For each puzzle, participants indicated word puzzle difficulty, solution confidence, solution suddenness, and the experiences of impasse and restructuring. As expected, participants reported higher suddenness of and confidence in insight solutions than non-insightful ones. Surprisingly, we could not corroborate the otherwise consistently reported higher solution accuracy and faster solution speed for insight. Crucially, as suggested by the integrated theory of insight, impasse was not a prerequisite for insight to occur. Although restructuring, indeed, preceded insight solutions more often, it seemed a more general problem-solving skill also applied for non-insight solutions. Moreover, early on, participants reported an increased experience of problem difficulty for puzzles later solved with insight. This ability to report on the solution search of insight demonstrates that, as proposed by the theory, insight involves conscious, cognitive operations. 相似文献
70.
This study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine whether we employ the same normalisation mechanisms when processing words spoken with a regional accent or foreign accent. Our results showed that the Phonological Mapping Negativity (PMN) following the onset of the final word of sentences spoken with an unfamiliar regional accent was greater than for those produced in the listener’s own accent, whilst PMN for foreign accented speech was reduced. Foreign accents also resulted in a reduction in N400 amplitude when compared to both unfamiliar regional accents and the listener’s own accent, with no significant difference found between the N400 of the regional and home accents. These results suggest that regional accent related variations are normalised at the earliest stages of spoken word recognition, requiring less top-down lexical intervention than foreign accents. 相似文献