双语词汇通达的认知控制

基于熟练性的认知控制研究认为,双语词汇通达的非选择性和选择性是由于认知控制能力的发展结果。基于语境的认知控制研究认为,语境对认知控制的影响可能发生在词汇通达之后,也可能发生在通达之前,由此造成非选择性和选择性通达。考虑到认知控制能在词汇通达之前就可以利用语境来限制非目标语言的激活,这种结果既与双语交互激活模型关于词汇激活的非选择性假设不一致,也对认知控制能力的发展主要依赖熟练性的看法提出疑问,新的研究也因此被期待     

名词短语加工中个体量词通达的影响因素

“双系统”和“双向选择组合网络”理论认为,在汉语使用者的心理词典中存在名词系统和量词系统,两者之间存在双向选择关系。采用启动范式考察在名词短语产生和理解中量词的名词搭配量、名词的量词拥有量和量词-名词定配率对个体量词通达的影响。结果表明,量词的名词搭配量、名词的量词拥有量和量词-名词定配率显著地影响量词的词汇通达,量词和名词之间是双向选择关系。量词通达是直接通达和间接通达的有机结合。     

多词素词的通达表征:分解还是整体

有关通达表征的结构主要有三种观点词素、整词和混合的观点.分解存储的通达表征认为,在通达表征层次中只有不可再分的词素,而没有彼此独立的词条.也就是说,词语是以词素分解形式存储在通达表征中的.整词存储的通达表征认为,在通达表征中存储的都是整词,每一个词都有其独立的词条.混合的通达表征认为词素和整词都有可能是通达表征中的单元.它具有更大的灵活性.综合考虑已有的文献和进一步的理解思考,作者提出影响词语通达表征的两个因素语义透明度和词频.     

词义通达的三种理论模型及研究简介

本文介绍了视觉词汇识别领域中 ,词义通达的三种理论模型及其各自最新的一些实验证据 ,并提出今后研究中需要注意的一些问题     

How Congregations Can and Do Use the Internet,with Special Reference to Social Action

ABSTRACT

Congregations increasingly use the Internet as a fast, very low cost, versatile means for communication within the organization, to reach out to people unacquainted with the congregation or the denomination, and as a vast information resource. Congregational insights gained in the course of using the Internet are based on a survey of some 43 congregations, an analysis of websites, and the author's experiences. Critical considerations in congregational website design are discussed. How congregations cope with lack of universal access to the Internet, privacy issues, and derogatory uses of the Internet are reported. The Internet proves particularly useful for identifying and mounting a rapid response to social action issues as they arise.     

Teacher Reported Poverty Effects on Education Participation in a South African District

This study reports on teachers' perceptions of the effects of poverty on education participation in a district in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Participants were 21 teachers (males = 10; females = 11) from seven schools (primary =5, high schools =1, special school =1). Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used to collect the data. Teachers were of the view that poverty prevented learners and parents (or guardians) from full participation of the education provided by the schools. Poverty had the effects to disempowered both learners and parents as partners in education. It also constrained the quality of teaching.     

The influence of goal-state access cost on planning during problem solving

Two problem-solving experiments investigated the relationship between planning and the cost of accessing goal-state information using the theoretical framework of the soft constraints hypothesis (Gray & Fu, 2004; Gray, Simms, Fu, & Schoelles, 2006). In Experiment 1, 36 participants were allocated to low, medium, and high access cost conditions and completed a problem-solving version of the Blocks World Task. Both the nature of planning (memory based or display based) and its timing (before or during action) changed with high goal-state access cost (a mouse movement and a 2.5-s delay). In this condition more planning before action was observed, with less planning during action, evidenced by longer first-move latencies, more moves per goal-state inspection, and more short (≤0.8 s) and long (>8 s) “preplanned” intermove latencies. Experiment 2 used an eight-puzzle-like transformation task and replicated the effect of goal-state access cost when more complex planning was required, also confirmed by sampled protocol data. Planning before an episode of move making increased with higher goal-state access cost, and planning whilst making moves increased with lower access cost. These novel results are discussed in the context of the soft constraints hypothesis.     

实体和初级关系（FOR）匹配的分离与结合对故事类比通达的影响

采用移动窗口阅读技术深入探讨实体和初级关系（FOR）匹配的分离与结合对故事类比通达的影响,对表面特征和结构特征在类比通达中的作用进行检验。实验1探讨系统变化目标故事和线索故事之间实体匹配数目与实体和初级关系（FOR）匹配的分离与结合是否影响读线索故事时对目标故事的回想。实验2探讨系统变化目标故事和线索故事之间初级关系（FOR）匹配的数目与实体和初级关系（FOR）匹配的分离与结合是否影响读线索故事时对目标故事的回想。实验3探讨实体和初级关系（FOR）匹配的分离与结合对目标故事的通达是否与高级关系（HOR）的匹配有关。结果表明,实体匹配独立影响通达,实体和初级关系（FOR）分离与结合影响故事类比通达,高级的结构关系（HOR）是实体和初级关系（FOR）影响故事类比通达的必要条件。     

Identifying Emergent Social Networks at a Federally Qualified Health Center-Based Farmers’ Market

Identifying potential mechanisms connecting farmers’ market interventions with health, economic, and community outcomes could inform strategies for addressing health disparities. The present study used social network theory to guide the in-depth examination of naturally occurring social interactions at a farmers’ market located at a federally qualified health center located in a rural, low-income community. Trained observers recorded 61 observation logs at the market over 18 weeks. Thematic analysis revealed a range of actors and nonhuman facilitators instrumental to the farmers’ market context. These actors connected with one another for communication and relationship development, economic and financial exchange, education, resource sharing, community ownership of the farmers’ market, and conflict resolution. These interactions provided opportunities for social networks to develop among attendees, which may have facilitated the acquisition of social supports related to improved health, economic and community outcomes. Results provide insight into the role social networks may play in mediating the relationship between a farmers’ market intervention and individual benefits. Findings also contribute to defining the typology of social networks, which may further disentangle the complex relationships between social networks and health outcomes. Future research should identify strategies for purposefully targeting social networks as a way to reduce diet-related health disparities.     

Imagery and overflow: We see more than we report

The question of whether our conscious experience is rich or sparse remains an enduring controversy in philosophy. The “overflow” account argues that perceptual consciousness is far richer than cognitive access: when perceiving a complex scene, subjects see more than they can report. This paper draws on aphantasia (the condition of absent voluntary imagery) to propose a new argument in favor of overflow. First, it shows that opponents of overflow explain subjects’ performance in a change detection paradigm by appealing to a type of “internal imagery.” Second, it provides empirical evidence to demonstrate that aphantasics are incapable of generating this imagery. However, aphantasics perform equally well in this task; and so the no-overflow account fails to explain their performance. This means that proponents of this view are committed to an unsupported view of perception.