前后语境在汉语成语义识别中的作用

通过自定步速阅读实验研究发现,语境前后位置对成语义识别有显著性影响,且影响方式和程度存在差异,符合多义词重组通达模型。根据动态自组织模式,句子中的成语义识别至少包括多种潜在词义启动和与语境倾向义匹配两个过程。前置语境对成语比喻义通达具有预设作用,加速或抑制成语比喻义通达;而后置语境则在句子语义整合过程中对成语比喻义起到返查纠偏的作用。     

在词汇通达中双字词的语音类似作用存在吗?

本研究进行了两个实验,启动词和目标词相关联的分别是首字同音和尾字同音。实验1采用决定任务,未发现语音作用,而实验2采用命名任务,只发现了首字同音作用。与中文单字词和拼音文字相比,中文双字词的语音类似在词汇通达中起有限的作用。     

Mapping from Sound to Meaning: Reduced Lexical Activation in Broca''s Aphasics

Recent studies of lexical access in Broca's aphasics suggest that lexical activation levels are reduced in these patients. The present study compared the performance of Broca's aphasics with that of normal subjects in an auditory semantic priming paradigm. Lexical decision times were measured in response to word targets preceded by an intact semantically related prime word ("cat"-"dog"), by a related prime in which one segment was acoustically altered to produce a poorer phonetic exemplar ("c*at"-"dog"), and by a semantically unrelated prime ("ring"-"dog"). The effects of the locus of the acoustic distortion within the prime word (initial or final position) and the presence of potential lexical competitors ("cat" --> /gaet/versus "coat" --> "goat") were examined. In normal subjects, the acoustic manipulations produce a small, short-lived reduction in semantic facilitation irrespective of the position of the distortion in the prime word or the presence of a voiced lexical competitor. In contrast, Broca's aphasics showed a large and lasting reduction in priming in response to word-initial acoustic distortions, but only a weak effect of word-final distortions on priming. In both phonetic positions, the effect of distortion was greater for prime words with a lexical competitor. These findings are compatible with the claim that Broca's aphasics have reduced lexical activation levels, which may result in a disruption of the bottom-up access of words on the basis of acoustic input as well as increased vulnerability to competition between acoustically similar lexical items.     

Subjective visibility report is facilitated by conscious predictions only

Predictions in the visual domain have been shown to modulate conscious access. Yet, little is known about how predictions may do so and to what extent they need to be consciously implemented to be effective. To address this, we administered an attentional blink (AB) task in which target 1 (T1) identity predicted target 2 (T2) identity, while participants rated their perceptual awareness of validly versus invalidly predicted T2s (Experiment 1 & 2) or reported T2 identity (Experiment 3). Critically, we tested the effects of conscious and non-conscious predictions, after seen and unseen T1s, on T2 visibility. We found that valid predictions increased subjective visibility reports and discrimination of T2s, but only when predictions were generated by a consciously accessed T1, irrespective of the timing at which the effects were measured (short vs. longs lags). These results further our understanding of the intricate relationship between predictive processing and consciousness.     

When words and space collide: Spatial attention interacts with lexical access during word recognition

Recent research has suggested an important role for spatial attention in reading, however the nature of this influence is unclear. Further, it has been shown that intention to engage in linguistic processing can enhance lexical processing. Therefore, we developed a novel paradigm to examine the impact of spatial attention on primed and unprimed lexical processing. In a lexical decision task, targets were preceded by a cue to lexical access and spatial location simultaneously. Results indicated that on spatially valid trials, the lexical cuing effect was large and word processing was enhanced, suggesting that spatial attention influences lexical access. On spatially invalid trials, lexical cuing effects were significantly decreased, resulting in a spatial cuing by lexical cuing interaction. Results from this experiment provide evidence that spatial attention interacts with lexical access during word processing. This novel paradigm provides a new avenue for exploring the relations between spatial attention and reading processes.     

言语产生和理解中汉语个体量词的通达

个体量词是汉语的特色词类,是名词的限定词。关于个体量词的通达,目前主要有两种假说：直接选择假说和间接选择假说。实验1和实验2采用图词干扰范式考察了名词短语和简单名词产生中个体量词的通达。实验3采用启动范式考察了言语理解中个体量词的通达。结果表明,无论是在言语产生中,还是在言语理解中,都存在量词一致性效应：当启动词和目标词量词一致时反应时短,错误率亦低。整个研究表明,个体量词的通达涉及个体名词系统和个体量词系统,涉及双向选择的组合网络。个体量词的通达是直接选择和间接选择的有机结合。个体量词在名词短语产生的早期就得到了通达。     

Responses on a lateralized lexical decision task relate to both reading times and comprehension

Research over the last few years has shown that the dominance of the left hemisphere in language processing is less complete than previously thought [Beeman, M. (1993). Semantic processing in the right hemisphere may contribute to drawing inferences from discourse. Brain and Language, 44, 80–120; Faust, M., & Chiarello, C. (1998). Sentence context and lexical ambiguity resolution by the two hemispheres. Neuropsychologia, 36(9), 827–835; Weems, S. A., & Zaidel, E. (2004). The relationship between reading ability and lateralized lexical decision. Brain and Cognition, 55(3), 507–515]. Engaging the right brain in language processing is required for processing speaker/writer intention, particularly in those subtle interpretive processes that help in deciphering humor, irony, and emotional inference. In two experiments employing a divided field or lateralized lexical decision task (LLDT), accuracy and reaction times (RTs) were related to reading times and comprehension on sentence reading. Differences seen in RTs and error rates by visual fields were found to relate to performance. Smaller differences in performance between fields tended to be related to better performance on the LLDT in both experiments and, in Experiment 1, to reading measures. Readers who can exploit both hemispheres for language processing equally appear to be at an advantage in lexical access and possibly also in reading performance.     

作记忆同中心模型

回顾了同中心模型研究方法和近期研究结果,从工作记忆注意焦点容量、存储与加工关系及工作记忆容量个体差异等三方面阐述该模型的理论意义,通过与嵌套加工模型、多成分模型及Unsworth和Engle的工作记忆观点比较,分析该模型优势及不足。文末展望未来研究方向     

双语词汇通达的认知控制

基于熟练性的认知控制研究认为,双语词汇通达的非选择性和选择性是由于认知控制能力的发展结果。基于语境的认知控制研究认为,语境对认知控制的影响可能发生在词汇通达之后,也可能发生在通达之前,由此造成非选择性和选择性通达。考虑到认知控制能在词汇通达之前就可以利用语境来限制非目标语言的激活,这种结果既与双语交互激活模型关于词汇激活的非选择性假设不一致,也对认知控制能力的发展主要依赖熟练性的看法提出疑问,新的研究也因此被期待     

名词短语加工中个体量词通达的影响因素

“双系统”和“双向选择组合网络”理论认为,在汉语使用者的心理词典中存在名词系统和量词系统,两者之间存在双向选择关系。采用启动范式考察在名词短语产生和理解中量词的名词搭配量、名词的量词拥有量和量词-名词定配率对个体量词通达的影响。结果表明,量词的名词搭配量、名词的量词拥有量和量词-名词定配率显著地影响量词的词汇通达,量词和名词之间是双向选择关系。量词通达是直接通达和间接通达的有机结合。