Comparisons in research and reasoning: Toward an integrative theory of social induction

Strong scientific theories give coherence to a body of research findings, make precise predictions about key phenomena, and guide the search for new discoveries. In social psychology, some contemporary theories fall short of this ideal. Mini-theories are prevalent (cf. Van Lange, Higgins, & Kruglanski, 2011), many predictions are merely directional (like this one!) and theorizing post-hoc. Guided by experimental reasoning, many researchers emphasize—and reify—empirical differences. Taking the experimental method as an epistemological gold standard, they regard comparative thinking as a criterion of rational thinking. Using examples from social judgment and decision making, we show how comparative reasoning can constrain theoretical development and bias assessments of human rationality. To encourage movement toward stronger theory, we describe a model of inductive reasoning in social contexts.     

评估职业兴趣的结构

Holland的职业兴趣理论对当今兴趣研究产生了广泛、深远的影响。但是目前,还没有研究考察Holland理论假设在中国的适用性。研究共检验了5个与Holland的6种兴趣类型(RiASEC)有关的假设,其中两个是由本文研究者提出。研究搜集了在中国进行的、与Holland理论有关的研究,并最终选择了9个RIASEC相关矩阵。假定顺序的随机化检验以及方差分析的结果表明,Holland的圆形假设与数据的拟合程度在5个模型中最差;多维标度法结果表明,RIASEC的空间结构图并没有很好地符合Holland的圆形假设。     

The Impact of Test Outcome Certainty on Interest in Genetic Testing Among College Women

Osteoporosis and hemochromatosis are both late-onset preventable diseases, but future genetic tests for these conditions are likely to differ in their predictive abilities. To determine whether interest in a specific genetic test for hemochromatosis would be higher than interest in a theoretical test for osteoporosis susceptibility, undergraduate women at the University of Cincinnati (N = 181) were surveyed regarding their interest in genetic testing for these conditions. The clinical features of the diseases and the limits of a genetic test for each were described. Sixty-three percent of the total population was interested in genetic testing with a trend toward higher interest in the osteoporosis group. Disease familiarity, perceived disease severity, and perceived risk for disease appear to be more important predictors of genetic test acceptance than diagnostic specificity. Suggested implications for the development of population genetic screening tests are discussed.     

工程中利益冲突问题研究

首先在详细分析工程中利益冲突已有定义的基础上,本文从不同角度提出了一种不同的定义。然后,分析了利益冲突的构成,并列举了利益冲突的情形。接着,分析了利益冲突的伦理问题,并提出解决方法。最后介绍了美国工程社团以及大型企业有关利益冲突的伦理章程和行为规范。     

中国当前的医疗危机与医护人员的专业责任和使命

分析了导致当前国内医患关系恶化的种种宏观与微观的因素,认为其中最重要的原因是医患关系中出现不应存在的利益冲突,最终导致医患关系出现一种诚信危机。以此为讨论起点,分析了西方国家的信托模式的七种特征,论证医患关系的本质为何是一种信托关系,并指出忠诚与守信是信托关系和医疗专业精神的核心价值。在结论中特别指出,这种认知明确了医疗专业在当前的医患危机中应该扮演的角色和担当的责任。     

Intimacies: An Integrative Multicultural Framework for Couple Therapy

Implicitly or explicitly, our ideas about intimacy are the most fundamental notions giving direction to the process of couple therapy. Yet, as a field, we have spent little time conceptualizing intimacy and even less time considering the diversity of priorities and meanings couples bring to our offices. In Part One, Varieties of Intimacy, I describe a kaleidoscope of contexts—socio‐historical, cultural, gender, life cycle, and developmental—that inform our ideas and expectations for intimacy in couples’ relationships. I highlight different spheres in which intimacy may take place such as the emotional, sexual, intellectual, or familial. I propose a starting point in which the therapist, in a collaborative manner, helps the partners articulate their yearnings and priorities in order to negotiate a shared vision. In Part Two, Conceptualizing Intimacy, I suggest an experiential definition that gives room for each partner's subjective meanings, yet consider diverse relational processes that may need to be addressed for a resilient ebb and flow of intimate experiences. In Part Three , Sexual Intimacy, I outline conditions in which sex is more likely to be experienced as intimate rather than nonintimate. Finally, in Part Four, I describe Therapeutic Principles to guide the therapist in taking couples from reactivity to dialogue to negotiations of intimacy. The integrative framework proposed here discourages monolithic a priori notions of intimacy and highlights instead: nuanced meanings, relational processes to be considered differentially, present and past emotional blocks, and a flexible clinical approach to foster conditions for the creation and resilience of intimate experiences.     

浅析基因治疗临床试验中的"利益冲突"

基因治疗临床试验中的"利益冲突"问题多聚焦在如何规范利益冲突的不良后果上,却忽视了一些更基本的问题,如临床试验中的不同"利益",利益冲突的表现及防范等.以基因治疗为例,归纳了临床试验中的不同利益和利益冲突形式,并指出"公开经济利益安排"是解决冲突的基本对策.     

话题兴趣与文本阅读眼动特征的研究

以大学生为被试,用ASL504型眼动仪,探讨话题兴趣对文本阅读过程眼动特征和文本阅读理解的影响。结果表明：(1)话题兴趣促进深层理解,而不能促进表层理解。(2)话题兴趣主要与阅读时间和注视点数相关联,而与阅读效率无关。(3)文本阅读过程中,阅读时间、注视点数两项眼动指标存在显著的性别差异。     

Parental refusals of medical treatment: the harm principle as threshold for state intervention

Minors are generally considered incompetent to provide legally binding decisions regarding their health care, and parents or guardians are empowered to make those decisions on their behalf. Parental authority is not absolute, however, and when a parent acts contrary to the best interests of a child, the state may intervene. The best interests standard is the threshold most frequently employed in challenging a parent's refusal to provide consent for a child's medical care. In this paper, I will argue that the best interest standard provides insufficient guidance for decision-making regarding children and does not reflect the actual standard used by medical providers and courts. Rather, I will suggest that the Harm Principle provides a more appropriate threshold for state intervention than the Best Interest standard. Finally, I will suggest a series of criteria that can be used in deciding whether the state should intervene in a parent's decision to refuse medical care on behalf of a child.     

The Process by Which Relative Autonomous Motivation Affects Intentional Behavior: Comparing Effects Across Dieting and Exercise Behaviors

A motivational model integrating self-deter-mination theory and the theory of planned behavior was tested in two samples for exercise and dieting behavior respectively. Relative autonomous motivation from self-determination theory was hypothesized to predict intentions to exercise or diet via the mediation of attitudes and perceived behavioral control (PBC) from the theory of planned behavior. It was also expected that attitudes and PBC would predict actual levels of exercise and dieting behavior via the mediation of intentions. Relations in the proposed model were expected to be invariant across the behaviors. Two samples of participants (N = 511) completed measures of the autonomous motives, attitudes, subjective norms, PBC, and intentions with respect to exercise and dieting behavior. Four weeks later, participants self-reported their behavior. Structural equation models supported the replicability of the proposed model in both behaviors. Findings supported the majority of the hypothesized effects in the proposed model across the two health behaviors. However, four effects were significantly different across the two behaviors: the effect of autonomous motives on intentions, subjective norms and PBC on intentions, and intentions on behavior. Findings extend knowledge of the processes by which psychological antecedents from the theories affect health behaviors integral to the maintenance of energy balance.