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151.
152.
Kramer SP 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1982,38(1):71-85
Variations of the symbolic delayed-matching-to-sample procedure were used to study a pigeon's memory for a small number of pecks. In the first experiment a choice of a left or right sidekey after a delay or retention interval was reinforced if a bird had not pecked at all or had pecked exactly once, before the delay, respectively. In the second experiment a choice of a red or green sidekey, regardless of its position, was reinforced if a bird had not pecked at all or had pecked exactly twice, respectively. In the first experiment a bird could orient toward the correct choice during the delay, whereas it could not in the second experiment. In a third experiment a feature-probing method was used to study a pigeon's memory for a number of pecks in the context of certain other pecks. The results showed that a pigeon can remember a small number of pecks for one-half to one minute or more and that the percent correct is a decreasing function of the log retention interval. When a second number of pecks is different from the first number, memory for the first number lasts only a few seconds. When a second number is the same, memory lasts considerably longer. The more recent number of pecks is remembered better. The results are interpreted in terms of a theory which holds that a reinforcer, in general, may act on a subjects' memory for recent behavior to generate patterns of behavior. 相似文献
153.
如果要走出人工智能在感知觉领域的困境.就必须认识到人类特有的受生物现实约束的认知特点。综合分析各种证据表明,知觉和客体识别的本质不是分析千差万别的局部特征,而是提取环境中的大范围不变量(早期为拓扑特性检测),形成并存贮一定原型表征;颞叶皮层在灵长类这种不变性知觉和原型表征中具有重要作用。 相似文献
154.
Shock as a signal for shock or no-shock: a feature-negative effect in conditioned suppression. 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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Rats were trained in conditioned suppression discriminations where shock at the beginning of a trial signaled either shock or no-shock at the end of the trial. In the shock-positive condition, shock at the beginning of a presentation of white noise signaled that noise would end with shock; noise that did not begin with shock did not end with shock. In the shock-negative discrimination, shock at the beginning of noise signaled that noise would not end with shock; presentations of noise that did not begin with shock ended with shock. In shock-random training, shock at the beginning of noise did not reliably signal whether the noise presentation would or would not end with shock. Most subjects in shock-negative training quickly developed a differential pattern of suppression on positive (shock reinforced) trials and no suppression on negative (nonreinforced) trials. The shock-positive discrimination was much more difficult to establish and was not acquired by the majority of the rats. This "feature-negative" effect is a clear exception to the general superiority of feature-positive learning commonly observed in discriminations based on a single distinguishing feature. The results are discussed in terms of Pavlovian stimulus-shock contingencies in the shock-positive and shock-negative paradigms, which appear to favor rapid development of the shock-negative discrimination. 相似文献
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156.
不同维度特征的共存对归类不确定性特征推理的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
探讨在归类不确定的情境下,目标特征和预测特征的共存对特征推理的影响。共包括了三个实验,其中实验1、2考察了非靶类别中目标特征和预测特征的共存性对特征推理的影响,实验3考察了靶类别中目标特征和预测特征的共存性对特征推理的影响。三个实验五个分实验的结果一致支持了修正后的Bayesian规则,排除了“单类说”、“综合条件概率模型”的假设,并进一步修正了Bayesian规则为: 相似文献
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158.
捡了西瓜,就该丢掉芝麻吗——浅谈医源性Wernicke脑病 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
探讨医源性Wernicke脑病(WE)的病因、临床及磁共振图像特点,回顾性分析6例医源性WE病例。医源性WE病前均有禁食史,其临床表现多样。磁共振图像为中脑导水管周围T2WI及Flair高信号。大部分病例补充维生素B1后可好转。提示医源性禁食导致体内维生素B1耗竭是医源性WE的病因,及时补充维生素B1是预防及治疗本病的关键。 相似文献
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160.
识别电位认知功能探析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
识别电位(Recognition Potential, RP)是被试看到可识别视觉刺激时, 在200~250ms内达到峰值的脑电反应。识别电位的研究正处于理论探讨阶段, 有两种主要观点用于解释RP。一种观点强调RP反映了视知觉分析成分; 另一种观点强调RP反映了语义或概念加工成分。两种观点至今未达成一致。最近, 针对两种观点质疑, 研究者们提出了类别特征加工的观点, 这一新观点在理论上符合大脑经济性的原则, 具有一定的优越性, 但尚需要更多的实证研究的支持。未来的RP研究应从实验材料的多样化、多研究方法结合、类别特征加工能力的习得机制等方面展开。 相似文献