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961.
Tangible preference assessments were compared with verbal preference assessments for 6 individuals with mental retardation, behavior disorders, or both. In the tangible assessment, items were placed in front of the participant. In the verbal assessment, participants were asked, “Do you want X or Y?” and the items were not present. The two assessments yielded similar high‐preference items for 4 of the 6 participants. The verbal assessment was typically completed in less time than the tangible assessment. 相似文献
962.
Sidman M 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2000,74(1):127-146
Where do equivalence relations come from? One possible answer is that they arise directly from the reinforcement contingency. That is to say, a reinforcement contingency produces two types of outcome: (a) 2‐, 3‐, 4‐, 5‐, or n‐term units of analysis that are known, respectively, as operant reinforcement, simple discrimination, conditional discrimination, second‐order conditional discrimination, and so on; and (b) equivalence relations that consist of ordered pairs of all positive elements that participate in the contingency. This conception of the origin of equivalence relations leads to a number of new and verifiable ways of conceptualizing equivalence relations and, more generally, the stimulus control of operant behavior. The theory is also capable of experimental disproof. 相似文献
963.
Hurewitz F Brown-Schmidt S Thorpe K Gleitman LR Trueswell JC 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2000,29(6):597-626
Two experiments are reported which examine children's ability to use referential context when making syntactic choices in language production and comprehension. In a recent on-line study of auditory comprehension, Trueswell, Sekerina, Hill, and Logrip (1999) examined children's and adults' abilities to resolve temporary syntactic ambiguities involving prepositional phrases (e.g., “Put the frog on the napkin into ¨”). Although adults and older children used the referential context to guide their initial analysis (pursuing a destination interpretation in a one-frog context and a modifier interpretation in a two-frog context), 4 to 5-year olds' initial and ultimate analysis was one of destination, regardless of context. The present studies examined whether these differences were attributable to the comprehension process itself or to other sources, such as possible differences in how children perceive the scene and referential situation. In both experiments, children were given a language generation task designed to elicit and test children's ability to refer to a member of a set through restrictive modification. This task was immediately followed by the “put” comprehension task. The findings showed that, in response to a question about a member of a set (e.g., “Which frog went to Mrs. Squid's house?”), 4- to 5-year-olds frequently produced a definite NP with a restrictive prepositional modifier (e.g., “The one on the napkin”). These same children, however, continued to misanalyze put instructions, showing a strong avoidance of restrictive modification during comprehension. Experiment 2 showed that an increase in the salience of the platforms that distinguished the two referents increased overall performance, but still showed the strong asymmetry between production and comprehension. Eye movements were also recorded in Experiment 2, revealing on-line parsing patterns similar to Trueswell et al.: an initial preference for a destination analysis and a failure to revise early referential commitments. These experiments indicate that child–adult differences in parsing preferences arise, in part, from developmental changes in the comprehension process itself and not from a general insensitivity to referential properties of the scene. The findings are consistent with a probabilistic model for uncovering the structure of the input during comprehension, in which more reliable linguistic and discourse-related cues are learned first, followed by a gradually developing ability to take into account other more uncertain (or more difficult to learn) cues to structure. 相似文献
964.
Andersen D;Danish Committee on Scientific Dishonesty 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(1):25-34
In 1992, The Danish Medical Research Council established a national committee on scientific dishonesty with the twofold task
of handling cases of scientific misconduct and taking preventive initiatives. Scientific dishonesty was proven in only five
cases, but in another nine cases lesser degrees of deviations from good scientific practice were found. The experiences from
a total of 24 treated cases indicated that three key areas were at the basis of most of the accusations and the deviations
from good practice: uncertainty about 1) authorship, about 2) rights and duties to use scientific data and about 3) agreements
at the initiation of joint studies. As a consequence guidelines on good practice have been issued on these key subjects.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium, Scientific Misconduct. An International Perspective, organised by The Medical University of Warsaw, 16 November, 1998. 相似文献
965.
Scientific misconduct includes the fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism (FFP) of concepts, data or ideas; some institutions
in the United States have expanded this concept to include “other serious deviations (OSD) from accepted research practice.”
It is the absence of this OSD clause that distinguishes scientific misconduct policies of the past from the “research misconduct”
policies that should be the basis of future federal policy in this area. This paper introduces a standard for judging whether
an action should be considered research misconduct as distinguished from scientific misconduct: by this standard, research
misconduct must involve activities unique to the practice of science and must have the potential to negatively affect the
scientific record. Although the number of cases of scientific misconduct is uncertain (only the NIH and the NSF keep formal
records), the costs are high in terms of the integrity of the scientific record, diversions from research to investigate allegations,
ruined careers of those eventually exonerated, and erosion of public confidence in science. Existing scientific misconduct
policies vary from institution to institution and from government agency to government agency; some have highly developed
guidelines that include OSD, others have no guidelines at all. One result has been that the federal False Claims Act has been
used to pursue allegations of scientific misconduct. As a consequence, such allegations have been adjudicated in federal courts,
rather than judged by scientific peers. The federal government is now establishing a first-ever research misconduct policy
that would apply to all research funded by the federal government regardless of which agency funded the research or whether
the research was carried out in a government, industrial or university laboratory. Physical scientists, who up to now have
only infrequently been the subject of scientific misconduct allegations, must nonetheless become active in the debate over
research misconduct policies and how they are implemented since they will now be explicitly covered by this new federal wide
policy.
Disclaimer: The authors are grateful for the support for conduct of this research provided by the United States Department of Energy
(DOE). The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors and were formed and expressed without reference to
positions taken by DOE or the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The views of the authors are not intended either
to reflect or imply positions of DOE or PNNL. 相似文献
966.
Paul Schwaber 《Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies》2000,2(2):139-145
Gabriel Conroy, central to James Joyce's novella, The Dead, keys the reader's experience of the evening portrayed. A third-person narration allows for distance, but Gabriel's closely depicted thought processes and actions, and his insistent self-consciousness, shape the story. As such they invite psychoanalytic interpretation and reward it. Gabriel's shocking discovery and reaction to it can be seen to be informed by rendered psychodynamics and a credible internalized past. Joyce and Freud, actual contemporaries, can be seen as contemporaneous in imagination as well. 相似文献
967.
Studies in East European Thought - Articulated in the twenties, the doctrines of the exiled Russian ‘Evrazijstvo’ movement are undergoing a renaissance in Russia today. As the... 相似文献
968.
中小学生认知能力发展水平测验的研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
以皮亚杰的认知发展理论为基础,采用皮亚杰及其学生研究认知发展时的任务为测验题目,编制成测量中小学生认知能力发展水平的测验.通过对2240名中小学生施测,结果表明本测验不仅具有很好的信度和效度,而且也具有适中的难度.然后以一所中学特长班学生为被试,通过对他们进行测量,并将测验结果与同年级普通班学生的认知成绩进行比较,结果存在很明显的差异.最后对中小学生认知能力发展水平测量问题进行了探讨. 相似文献
969.
970.