The Role of Temperament in the Etiology of Child Psychopathology

A substantial proportion of children and adolescents come to suffer from psychological disorders. This article focuses on the temperament factors that are involved in the pathogenesis of child psychopathology. It is argued that besides the reactive temperament factor of emotionality/neuroticism, the regulative process of effortful control also plays an important role in the etiology and maintenance of internalizing and externalizing problems in youths. More specifically, vulnerability to child psychopathology is determined by a temperament that is characterized by high levels of emotionality/neuroticism and low levels of effortful control. Models are hypothesized in which reactive and regulative temperament factors either have interactive or additive effects on the development of psychological disorders in children, and conceptualized in terms of a developmental psychopathology perspective. Directions for future research and clinical implications of this temperamental view on psychopathology are discussed.     

低阶层者的系统合理化水平更高吗?——基于社会认知视角的考察

系统合理化理论曾提出,低阶层者比高阶层者具有更高的系统合理化水平,即更认可社会体系的合理性、更支持当前社会系统。但这一论断一直存在争议。研究引入社会认知视角,考察低阶层与高阶层者系统合理化水平的差异及其机制。两个分研究得到了共同的结果:(1)低阶层者的系统合理化水平显著低于高阶层者;(2)这一差异是通过贫富归因的中介作用实现的,低阶层者系统合理化水平较低是基于其更少地认为社会贫富差距是由个人内部因素所致;(3)这一中介作用会受到个体控制感水平的调节,当控制感较低时,上述中介作用成立;但当控制感较高时,低阶层会弥合与高阶层贫富归因的差异,中介模型不成立。这些结果支持并发展了系统合理化的认知途径解释和阶层社会认知理论这两个立足于社会认知的理论观点,显示了认知因素在此问题中的重要作用,构建了更整合的阶层—归因—合理化的逻辑,并考虑了其边界因素,对于了解低阶层者的社会心态及其形成机制,包括如何改变此状况,均有一定的现实启示意义。     

糖尿病足诊疗与预防进展

糖尿病足是糖尿病的严重并发症,血管狭窄闭塞、神经病变和感染是主要的临床表现,本文主要从糖尿病足的定义、病因、病理生理、临床表现、检测方法、分级及治疗和预防进展方面进行总结。糖尿病足的诊治是个系统工程,单一的方法难以治愈,且治疗效果欠佳,故我们在临床上以预防为主,早期诊断,早期治疗。     

Stereotypical thinking as a mediating factor in the association between exposure to terror and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among Israeli youth

Background and Objectives: The negative impact of exposure to terror on mental health, as well as on the perceptions of each side of the conflict toward the other, is well-documented. However, the association between stereotyping, concomitant with perceived threat, and anxiety, was rarely investigated. The current study examined information processing attributes and exposure to terror as predictors of PTSD symptoms among youth at inter-group conflict, with stereotypical thinking toward a threatening out-group as a possible mediator. Design: Cross-sectional, with exposure to terror, need for cognitive structure (NCS), efficacy at fulfilling the need for closure (EFNC) and self-esteem, predicting stereotypical thinking and PTSD symptoms. Method: Ninth graders (N?=?263) from two residential areas in Israel, varying in their degree of exposure to terror, responded to a self-report questionnaire tapping the above variables. Results: Stereotypical thinking was found to mediate the association between exposure to terror and PTSD symptoms, but not the association between the NCS and EFNC interaction and PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: The findings support terror management theory, so that a negative and rigid perception makes it difficult to construct coherent world-view, thus contributing to aggregation of existential anxiety and PTSD symptoms.     

相互尊重、平等互利与和平共处——从伦理视角解读"和平共处五项原则"

从伦理的角度,解读“和平共处五项原则”,可概括出国际关系伦理的三项基本原则：相互尊重、平等互利与和平共处。相互尊重是和平共处的前提,平等互利是和平共处的保障,而和平共处则是实现人类终极原则——“类生存”和“类发展”的必要条件。“和平共处五项原则”深刻地反映了处理国际关系的基本要求和人类最基本的伦理关怀。     

医患间的人际冲突与管理策略

医患间人际冲突是影响医患关系的重要因素,它对医患关系不仅能够产生消极的结果,还能够产生建设性的结果。分析了医患间人际冲突的本质、来源、影响以及冲突管理策略,旨在促进人们通过理解冲突的本质和产生的原因,实行有效的冲突管理策略,使冲突得到建设性解决,促进良好的医患关系的建立。     

中医学认识规律研究论纲——破译中医特殊性的认识论原因

中医学是特殊的认识成果,在其认识发生发展的过程中,必然存在特殊的认识论原因,也一定存在可循的规律。从认识对象、实践活动、主体认识结构和认识建构过程对中医学特殊认识进行了比较系统的分析和论述,力图揭示出中医学的认识论原因和规律。