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排序方式: 共有368条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
191.
This paper discusses whether prospectiveparents ought to find out about their geneticconstitution for reproductive reasons. It isargued that ignoring genetic information can bein line with responsible parenthood or perhapseven recommendable. This is because parenthoodis essentially an unconditional project inwhich parents ought to commit themselves tonurturing any kind of child. Besides, thetraditional reasons offered for theunfortunateness of impairments and the tragicfate of families with disabled children are notconvincing. Other morally problematic outcomesof genetics, such as discrimination againstindividuals with impairments, and limiting freeparental decision making, are alsoconsidered. 相似文献
192.
Beth Huffer 《Synthese》2007,157(2):241-265
Agency can be construed as both the manner in which autonomous individuals embark on particular courses of action (or inaction),
and the relationship between such agents and the outcomes of the courses of action on which they embark. A promising strategy
for understanding both senses of agency consists in the combination of a modal logic of agency and branching time semantics.
Such is the strategy behind stit theory, the theory of agentive action developed by Nuel Belnap and others. However, stit
theoretic evaluations of the agentive relationship between agents and outcomes that are uncertain—due to either the presence
of indeterminism, or the possible intervention of other agents—yield counterintuitive results. This paper develops a pair
of alternative operators (the “act” operators) for modeling agency with respect to uncertain outcomes. Unlike the stit-theoretic
model, the act-theoretic model of agency with respect to a particular state of affairs does not require that the state of
affairs be realized in every possible history. If the state of affairs in fact obtains in the actual history, and its obtaining
was dependent on the agent’s pursuing a particular course of action, then the agent is deemed agentive under act theory. 相似文献
193.
Chris Heathwood 《Erkenntnis》2007,67(1):137-142
Jonathan Westphal’s recent paper attempts to reconcile the view that propositions about the future can be true or false now
with the idea that the future cannot now be real. I attempt to show that Westphal’s proposal is either unoriginal or unsatisfying.
It is unoriginal if it is just the well-known eternalist solution. It is unsatisfying if it is instead making use of a peculiar,
tensed truthmaking principle.
相似文献
Chris HeathwoodEmail: |
194.
The effect of Parkinson's disease on time estimation as a function of stimulus duration range and modality 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The present research sought to investigate the role of the basal ganglia in timing of sub- and supra-second intervals via an examination of the ability of people with Parkinson's disease (PD) to make temporal judgments in two ranges, 100-500 ms, and 1-5 s. Eighteen non-demented medicated patients with PD were compared with 14 matched controls on a duration-bisection task in which participants were required to discriminate auditory and visual signal durations within each time range. Results showed that patients with PD exhibited more variable duration judgments across both signal modality and duration range than controls, although closer analyses confirmed a timing deficit in the longer duration range only. The findings presented here suggest the bisection procedure may be a useful tool in identifying timing impairments in PD and, more generally, reaffirm the hypothesised role of the basal ganglia in temporal perception at the level of the attentionally mediated internal clock as well as memory retrieval and/or decision-making processes. 相似文献
195.
Svenaeus F 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2007,28(1):31-62
Debates about the legitimacy of embryonic stem-cell research have largely focused on the type of ethical value that should
be accorded to the human embryo in␣vitro. In this paper, I try to show that, to broaden the scope of these debates, one needs to articulate an ontology that does
not limit itself to biological accounts, but that instead focuses on the embryo’s place in a totality of relevance surrounding
and guiding a human practice. Instead of attempting to substantiate the ethical value of the embryo exclusively by pointing
out that it has potentiality for personhood, one should examine the types of practices in which the embryo occurs and focus
on the ends inherent to these practices. With this emphasis on context, it becomes apparent that the embryo’s ethical significance
can only be understood by elucidating the attitudes that are established towards it in the course of specific activities.
The distinction between fertilized embryos and cloned embryos proves to be important in this contextual analysis, since, from
the point of view of practice, the two types of embryos appear to belong to different human practices: (assisted) procreation and medical research, respectively. In my arguments, I highlight the concepts of
practice, technology, and nature, as they have been analyzed in the phenomenological tradition, particularly by Martin Heidegger.
I come to the conclusion that therapeutic cloning should be allowed, provided that it turns out to be a project that benefits
medical science in its aim to battle diseases. Important precautions have to be taken, however, in order to safeguard the
practice of procreation from becoming perverted by the aims and attitudes of medical science when the two practices intersect.
The threat in question needs to be taken seriously, since it concerns the structure and goal of practices which are central
to our very self understanding as human beings. 相似文献
196.
采用双任务的实验范式,通过对(5s、13s和26s)三个目标时距的产生法和复制法的结果来探讨时距估计年龄差异的认知机制。实验结果表明,在不同目标时距和不同的估计方法上均存在显著的年龄效应。年老被试在产生法上比年轻被试显著高估时距,存在非时间任务和年龄的交互作用,随着任务难度的增加年老被试会比年轻被试产生更长的时距。而在复制法上年老被试比年轻被试显著低估时距,但是只有在长时距条件下(26s)存在非时间任务和年龄的交互作用。本研究结果表明年老被试在产生法上对时距的高估可能与内部时钟减慢和注意资源减少有关,而在复制法上对时距的低估可能反映注意资源的减少。此外,对于长时距的时间复制,情节记忆的损伤也是导致时距估计年龄差异的一个可能原因。 相似文献
197.
Lawrence J. Sanna Lindsay A. Kennedy Paul M. Miceli 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(4):940-946
Thinking about the past is critical to everyday experiences, but people are not unbiased when doing so. Feelings of subjective ease that accompany generating reasons for known or alternative outcomes influence hindsight bias. But people do not always make decisions immediately after thinking about issues. Three experiments demonstrated that generating versus reading earlier generated reasons has markedly different effects on judgments, with theoretical and practical implications. Inevitability judgments were consistent with feelings of ease when generating reasons, but with numbers of reasons (content) when later reading those reasons. Experiments 2 and 3 also found that feelings of ease can be reconstructed if people reconsider their feelings when initially generating reasons. Discussion centers on the operation of subjective ease and its role in understanding judgment and decision making. 相似文献
198.
Douglas A. Williams Chrissy M. Chubala Amber A. Mather Kenneth W. Johns 《Learning and motivation》2009,40(4):394-407
Appetitive contextual excitation supported by intertrial unconditioned stimuli was more easily overcome by timed conditioned responding in rats using quiet (Experiment 1) rather than noisy (Experiment 2) food pellet deliveries. Head-entry responding in acquisition peaked above the contextual baseline when pellet delivery occurred 10, 30, 60, or 90 s after the onset of the 120-s white-noise conditioned stimulus (CS). Special tests in extinction revealed CS onset and offset were conditioned by pellet delivery at 0 and 120 s, respectively. Responding was not undermined in Experiment 3 when noisy pellet deliveries replaced quiet pellet deliveries. Our results suggest that micro-stimuli occasioned at different times during the CS are vulnerable to overshadowing, but do not lose strength if they are already predictive. 相似文献
199.
Christoph Hoerl Sara Lorimer Teresa McCormack David A. Lagnado Emma Blakey Emma C. Tecwyn Marc J. Buehner 《Cognitive Science》2020,44(5):e12843
In temporal binding, the temporal interval between one event and another, occurring some time later, is subjectively compressed. We discuss two ways in which temporal binding has been conceptualized. In studies showing temporal binding between a voluntary action and its causal consequences, such binding is typically interpreted as providing a measure of an implicit or pre-reflective “sense of agency.” However, temporal binding has also been observed in contexts not involving voluntary action, but only the passive observation of a cause–effect sequence. In those contexts, it has been interpreted as a top-down effect on perception reflecting a belief in causality. These two views need not be in conflict with one another, if one thinks of them as concerning two separate mechanisms through which temporal binding can occur. In this paper, we explore an alternative possibility: that there is a unitary way of explaining temporal binding both within and outside the context of voluntary action as a top-down effect on perception reflecting a belief in causality. Any such explanation needs to account for ways in which agency, and factors connected with agency, has been shown to affect the strength of temporal binding. We show that principles of causal inference and causal selection already familiar from the literature on causal learning have the potential to explain why the strength of people's causal beliefs can be affected by the extent to which they are themselves actively involved in bringing about events, thus in turn affecting binding. 相似文献
200.
Biological motion perception is a key component of action perception contributing to social cognition in crucial ways. Contemporary neuroimaging studies show that biological motion is processed differently in the human brain from other types of motion. In particular, the right posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus (rpSTS), an area known for its central role in social perception, has been consistently associated with the perception of biological motion in the mature brain. By contrast, most findings investigating the development of biological motion perception in infancy come from behavioral studies, and far less is known regarding the right STS’ role in processing biological motion.The current study used fNIRS to measure brain activation to biological motion in the rSTS region of 7–8-month-old infants. Infants were presented with two conditions: an approaching coherent motion of a person walking (coherent point-light-walker, PLW); and a spatially scrambled version of this display, where the global configuration of a person walking was disrupted (scrambled PLW).We found a functional activation, i.e., a significant increase in HbO2 concentration in relation to baseline, in the right middle-posterior temporal cortex only when infants viewed the coherent point-light-walker. This activation statistically differed from the scrambled point-light-walker, and no significant activations were found for viewing the scrambled motion.Our study adds evidence pointing to rSTS’ sensitivity to the global human configuration in biological motion processing during infancy. The rSTS seems thus to become functionally specialized in biological motion configuration as early as at 7–8 months of age. 相似文献