Training of practitioners and beliefs about family skills in family-based prevention programmes

To ensure close adherence to the contents of a family-based cognitive-behavioural programme, and maintain a high standard of quality in its implementation, it is important that practitioners’ attitudes and beliefs regarding family skills coincide with those of the programme. This paper describes and analyses (observed) potential changes in these beliefs, after training courses held prior to the application of a prevention programme for families: the Family Competence Programme. A questionnaire was devised to examine practitioners’ beliefs regarding family skills; and completed both before and after the training course. The results point to significant changes in family dynamics, realistic expectations and active listening. Thus, it can be demonstrated that preliminary training courses promote practitioner attitudes and beliefs which are more coherent with a subsequent programme’s approach.     

妊娠晚期亚临床甲状腺功能减退症对母婴合并症的影响

本研究旨在观察妊娠晚期亚临床甲状腺功能减退症对母婴合并症的影响。最终选择2010年1月～2010年11月期间共325例妊娠晚期孕妇分为病例组（A组,n＝65）和正常对照组（B组,n＝260）,观察两组之间母婴合并症的变化。结果显示,两组之间在年龄、住院日、血压、体质量指数（BM I）、心率、分娩时孕周、血糖以及血脂方面差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。但与B组相比较,A组发生母亲合并症及胎儿合并症的发生率明显增加,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。此研究提示妊娠晚期亚临床甲状腺功能减退症增加母婴合并症的风险。     

The Good Behavior Game: a best practice candidate as a universal behavioral vaccine

A behavioral vaccine provides an inoculation against morbidity or mortality, impacting physical, mental, or behavior disorders. An historical example of a behavioral vaccine is antiseptic hand washing to reduce childbed fever. In current society, issues with high levels of morbidity, such as substance abuse, delinquency, youth violence, and other behavioral disorders (multiproblems), cry out for a low-cost, widespread strategy as simple as antiseptic hand washing. Congruent research findings from longitudinal studies, twin studies, and other investigations suggest that a possibility might exist for a behavioral vaccine for multiproblem behavior. A simple behavioral strategy called the Good Behavior Game (GBG), which reinforces inhibition in a group context of elementary school, has substantial previous research to consider its use as a behavioral vaccine. The GBG is not a curriculum but rather a simple behavioral procedure from applied behavior analysis. Approximately 20 independent replications of the GBG across different grade levels, different types of students, different settings, and some with long-term follow-up show strong, consistent impact on impulsive, disruptive behaviors of children and teens as well as reductions in substance use or serious antisocial behaviors. The GBG, named as a best practice for the prevention of substance abuse or violent behavior by a number of federal agencies, is unique because it is the only practice implemented by individual teachers that is documented to have long-term effects. Presently, the GBG is only used in a small number of settings. However, near universal use of the GBG, in major political jurisdictions during the elementary years, could substantially reduce the incidence of substance use, antisocial behavior, and other adverse developmental or social consequences at a very modest cost, with very positive cost-effectiveness ratios.     

创业进展与创业努力的多层次关系：创业自我效能的中介与调节定向的调节作用

基于动机性自我调节框架,通过两项独立研究,探讨前期创业努力对随后创业进展的影响及其内在机理——创业自我效能的中介与调节定向的调节作用。对115名新创业者进行为期6个月(研究1)和对70名新创业者进行为期15个月的追踪调查(研究2),分别构建多层次跨期中介效应检验模型和多层线性回归模型进行数据分析。结果发现:(1)创业自我效能在前期创业进展对随后创业努力的影响中起中介角色;(2)从总体上看(即不考虑调节定向作用时),前期创业进展通过正向影响创业自我效能,负向影响随后创业努力;(3)促进定向水平越高,创业自我效能对随后创业努力产生越强的负向影响,从而前期创业进展与随后创业努力的间接负相关关系越强;(4)预防定向水平越高,创业自我效能对随后创业努力产生越弱的负向影响,从而前期创业进展与随后创业努力的间接负相关关系越弱。这一结果弥合了过往创业自我调节过程研究的混淆结论,拓展了创业情境下的动机性自我调节框架与调节定向观研究,对于揭示创业过程的动态性、复杂性具有积极作用。     

勿以恶小而为之：滑坡效应的心理机制及预防策略

滑坡效应是指个体的不道德程度有随时间推移而逐渐加剧的倾向, 即不道德行为具有反复性和渐进性。它广泛存在于个体自身层面以及人际互动过程中, 会影响个体正常社会交往, 甚至阻碍社会和谐健康发展。滑坡效应的研究方式包括实验者操纵法和自发性欺骗法, 心理机制包括道德推脱、内隐偏差、自我非人化等, 对应的干预措施包括提升预防定向动机和塑造积极的描述性社会规范。未来研究可从心理过程和生理机制的角度进一步探讨滑坡效应的适用范围、神经干预方式等。     

孕期生活事件与妊娠压力：心理健康的中介效应和丈夫支持的调节作用

用问卷调查法对上海市403名单胎、孕周在24～33周的孕妇进行研究,探讨怀孕过程中孕妇经历的生活事件和妊娠压力的关系,以及孕妇的心理健康状况和丈夫支持在其中所起的作用。结果表明：（1）怀孕计划的主效应显著,孕龄的主效应不显著,怀孕计划和孕龄的交互作用显著;妊娠压力在怀孕计划上的主效应显著,意外怀孕的孕妇的妊娠压力显著高于计划怀孕的孕妇的妊娠压力;（2）怀孕过程中孕妇经历的生活事件与妊娠压力呈显著正相关,与孕妇的心理健康呈显著负相关;（3）孕妇的心理健康状况在生活事件和妊娠压力的关系中起部分中介效应,即生活事件部分通过孕妇的心理健康状况影响孕妇的妊娠压力;而丈夫支持则对孕妇心理健康的中介效应起调节作用,当丈夫支持高时,心理健康状况越好的孕妇,其妊娠压力越低,心理健康状况对孕妇妊娠压力预测显著;当丈夫支持低时,心理健康状况对妊娠压力的预测不显著。     

Effect of Make Parenting a Pleasure on Parenting Skills and Parental Depression

Abstract

This paper explores a feasibility trial examining the effects of the Make Parenting A Pleasure (MPAP), a 12-week parent training program designed to promote family resilience by strengthening the following factors: parental resilience, social connections, concrete support in times of need, knowledge of parenting and child development, and social and emotional competence in children. Fifty-nine (59) participants were assigned to either a treatment group (n?=?32) or a waitlist control group (n?=?27). Results showed that participants in the MPAP treatment group demonstrated an increase in parenting skills and child development knowledge as well as a decrease in parental depression when compared to waitlist control group participants. Results emphasize the importance of promoting resiliency by supporting parents through direct instruction and skill development.     

Minnesota clergy’s attitudes on suicide prevention and likelihood to inquire about suicidal thoughts and intent

Clergy are a recognised profession for suicide prevention and intervention in the United States. The current objective was to determine if clergy’s suicide prevention training, perceived roles in suicide prevention, and suicide prevention self-efficacy predicted likelihood to inquire about suicidal thoughts and intent. Among 367 Minnesota clergy surveyed, 30% reported a suicide in their congregation in the past year, and about one-third reported adequate training in suicide intervention strategies. The majority (85%) reported it was their role to provide education on suicide and mental health to their congregations, although 32% reported no or low ability to do so. Most (70%) stated, if concerned about a parishioner’s mental health, they would inquire about suicidal thoughts, but fewer (59%) stated they would inquire about suicidal intent. Significant, but weak, predictors of likelihood to inquire about suicide included self-efficacy and perceived role. Clergy could benefit from suicide prevention education, training, and support.     

疫病与外交：清末民初华洋互动视域下的瘟疫防治

瘟疫贯穿人类历史发展始终。近代以降,由于列强势力深入中国各地,围绕瘟疫防治而产生的华洋互动日趋频繁。一方面,外侨主导的防疫事业引发了中国社会各阶层收回防疫主权的外交诉求;另一方面,列强以防疫之名行侵略之实的行为使得华洋之间围绕国权展开了艰难博弈。在此过程之中,近代中国政府通过完善其行政能力,更有力地介入到防疫领域的管理中,推动了防疫事业的制度化发展,并以外交的方式维护公共卫生领域的国权,从而在应对公共卫生事件中逐步走向成熟。

     

多模式镇痛在幻肢痛预防中的临床研究

为探讨多模式镇痛预防截肢后幻肢痛的临床效果。选择50例下肢截肢患者,随机分为2组,试验组（Ⅰ组）和对照组（Ⅱ组）,观察患者疼痛评分,患者自控镇痛按压次数,使用其他镇痛药物的情况,记录所有的不良反应及幻肢痛发生率。结果显示,镇痛评分,Ⅱ组高于Ⅰ组（P〈0．01）;PCA按压次数,Ⅱ组多于Ⅰ组（P〈0．01）;不良反应发生率Ⅱ组高于Ⅰ组（P〈0．01）;Ⅱ组幻肢痛发生率明显高于Ⅰ组（P〈0．01）。采取多模式镇痛预防幻肢痛是安全有效的。