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131.
132.
摘 要:本研究基于个体倾向和情境的双重视角,将静态与动态相结合,探讨不同移情能力的个体在真实性不同情境中的移情反应。结果发现: (1)移情能力高、低分组得分存在显著性差异;(2)情境真实性高、低两种情境之间差异不显著;(3)在某些具体的移情反应上,移情能力与情境的交互作用显著;(4)性别差异不显著。属个体倾向范畴的移情能力对移情反应具有显著影响,情境对移情反应的影响与移情能力有关,移情能力高的个体对情境的变化更为敏感。 相似文献
133.
研究以北京地区262名汉语儿童为研究对象,探讨了部件复杂程度和部件数量对儿童延迟抄写成绩的影响,并通过一年的追踪,考察了儿童书写加工基本单位及其发展变化历程,并分析了儿童的正字法意识对其书写能力发展的预测作用。实验一发现汉语儿童的书写单位是一个从笔画到部件的多水平发展过程,在控制整字笔画的情况下,对于部件复杂的汉字,以笔画为单位进行编码,错误类型以笔画乱写和部件错误为主,而对于由简单部件组成的汉字,主要以部件为单位进行组块,儿童多犯部件替换的错误。实验二发现在部件复杂程度相同的情况下,汉字所包含的部件数量越多,儿童的书写正确率越低,多犯部件缺失和部件替换的错误。实验三发现儿童一年级的正字法意识能够显著预测当年及一年后的书写成绩,表明正字法意识对于儿童的书写发展具有重要作用。 相似文献
134.
本文提出了期望差异效应的概念并细致阐述了期望差异效应可能是导致风险沟通障碍的原因。期望差异效应是指处于同一情境中的一方对另一方的期望与另一方自我期望之间的差异。围绕上述问题,研究者在阐述了期望差异效应的含义以及期望差异效应可能的心理表征和认知根源之后,细致分析了期望差异效应的强化因素及其可能导致的风险沟通障碍。有关期望差异效应的研究尚处于起步阶段,界定期望差异效应的心理表征,确定期望差异效应的测量工具,探索期望差异效应的影响因素以及分析期望差异效应与风险沟通障碍的关系等都可以作为未来的研究方向。 相似文献
135.
Yaser A Mowafi Guisseppi Forgionne 《Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis》2011,18(3-4):203-218
Research on context‐aware computing has been focusing on the technology aspect of context acquisition and interpretation of users' surrounding environment or physical context. There is no operational mechanism for integrating context awareness that is driven by user context such as users' ongoing activities and tasks. Although the necessity of integration of sensed context data with users' intent of conduct has been recognized by many researchers, it has never been empirically investigated. Using Analytic Hierarchy Process, we propose an integrated and comprehensive approach that takes into consideration both user and physical context in defining overall context awareness value. The approach is tested using secondary data of user activities in various situations and surrounding environment scenarios. The results suggest several preliminary guidelines for determining representative measures of user and physical context approaches in the design and evaluation of context‐aware systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
136.
In a series of four experiments, we examine the hypothesis that selective attention is crucial for the generation of conscious knowledge of contingency information. We investigated this question using a spatial priming task in which participants were required to localize a target letter in a probe display. In Experiment 1, participants kept track of the frequency with which the predictive letter in the prime appeared in various locations. This manipulation had a negligible impact on contingency awareness. Subsequent experiments requiring participants to attend to features (color, location) of the predictive letter increased contingency awareness somewhat, but there remained a large proportion of individuals who remained unaware of the strong contingency. Together the results of our experiments suggest that the construct of attention does not fully capture the processes that lead to contingency awareness, and suggest a critical role for bottom-up feature integration in explicit contingency learning. 相似文献
137.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of face consciousness on happiness and the moderating role of financial situation on this relationship. We first examined our hypotheses in study 1 in a particular setting of consumption, and replicated our findings in study 2 in a more generalized setting of interpersonal situations. The two studies produced essentially consistent results. We found individuals high on face consciousness tend to be less happy, and the negative association between face consciousness and happiness is ameliorated by their financial situation. These results revealed the importance of face consciousness as an individual difference in predicting happiness. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed. 相似文献
138.
Vanda Correia Duarte Araújo Keith Davids Orlando Fernandes Sofia Fonseca 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2011,12(6):662-669
Background and objective
Field invasion games, such as rugby union, can be conceptualised as dynamic social systems in which the agents continuously interact to contest ball possession and territorial gain. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify the collective system dynamics of rugby union phases-of-play near the try line by investigating whether ball displacement trajectory on the playing field provides insights on successful team performance.Methods
Five rugby union matches were videotaped involving teams at a national league performance level. From these matches, 22 second phases-of-play were selected and digitized for analysis. The variable “distance gained” was investigated as a potential coordination variable describing functional coordination between players and teams. This variable concerned the distance between ball initial position and ball current position over time and was used to define the degree of territory gained by an attacking team.Results
Analysis of distance gained dynamics in attacking sub-phases demonstrated the intermittent character of rugby union performers displacement trajectories on the playing field. Amplitude of ball movements was revealed as a distinguishing feature related to attacking effectiveness. Successful attacking phases displayed lower distances of positional retreat, with the maximum retreat distance achieved sooner in successful compared to unsuccessful phases-of-play. Autocorrelation and ApEn analyses suggested low system variability within time series data concerning both performance outcomes. However, evidence of less regularity and more complexity was found in unsuccessful phases-of-play.Conclusion
Results suggested that distance gained dynamics manifests a characteristic collective behaviour pattern that captures the macroscopic functional order of multi-player attack–defence systems in team sports like rugby union. 相似文献139.
140.
Chen AS 《Cognition》2011,(3):338-362
Two experiments examining the subsyllabic division behaviors of Chinese-speaking children learning English as a foreign language (EFL) are reported. In Experiment 1, target phonemes of monosyllabic English nonwords were varied in phonotactic context (e.g., (C)VC vs. (C)CVC), marginality (e.g., (C)CVC vs. C(C)VC), and/or position (e.g., (C)VC vs. CV(C)) in phoneme deletion and isolation tasks, with confounds such as global similarity, vowel length, and targets’ sonority controlled. The fourth graders found the initial obstruent more difficult to isolate when it constituted the onset itself, i.e., (C)VC, than when it was part of a clustered onset, i.e., (C)CVC; no such difference was observed (non)word-finally, however. The results thus failed to support a subsyllabic preference for either onsets and rimes or bodies and codas. In Experiment 2, 49 second graders were tested on two other sets of phoneme awareness tasks and similar results were obtained. Items of one task were adapted from Hulme et al. (2002), in which the English-speaking first graders found the initial phoneme of a clustered onset, i.e., (C)CVC, more difficult to delete than the cluster as a whole, i.e., (CC)VC. The opposite patterns were observed with the Chinese EFL learners in Experiment 2, who found instead the initial consonant easier to remove. Taken together, the results suggested that Chinese-speaking EFL children process an English syllable as a linear combination of an intact core syllable (i.e., CV) plus its appendices. In both experiments, moreover, only performance in segmenting core syllable, but not that of segmenting appendices from the core syllable, predicted decoding success, a pattern again opposite to that of Hulme et al. (2002). The seemingly conflicting results were nevertheless consistent with a general developmental account of intra-syllabic division preference. 相似文献