Parent–adolescent conflict,treatment adherence and glycemic control in Type 1 diabetes: The importance of adolescent externalising symptoms

Parent–adolescent conflict has been demonstrated to relate to treatment adherence and glycemic control in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. The present longitudinal study investigated how these variables were interrelated over time, and examined whether externalising and internalising symptoms function as mediating variables. A total of 109 adolescents with diabetes participated at four annual time points and completed measures on conflict with parents, internalising and externalising symptoms. Information on treatment non-adherence and glycemic control was obtained from treating physicians. Cross-lagged analyses from a structural equation modelling approach indicated that father–adolescent but not mother–adolescent conflict positively influenced treatment non-adherence over time, which, in turn, was associated with higher glycosylated haemoglobin-values. Further, externalising but not internalising symptoms were found to mediate the pathway from father–adolescent conflict to treatment adherence over time. Finally, mother–adolescent conflict was found to relate indirectly to treatment non-adherence through its relationship with externalising symptoms. Hence, the present longitudinal study provides evidence that externalising symptoms represent an important mechanism through which earlier experiences of parent–adolescent conflict may influence later treatment non-adherence and poorer glycemic control. Implications and suggestions for future research are outlined.     

Formation of Ga–Pd–Sc icosahedral quasicrystal and approximant phases

ABSTRACT

We report the formation of an icosahedral quasicrystal and its approximant in the Ga–Pd–Sc alloy. The primitive-type quasicrystal with a six-dimensional lattice constant of 0.713?nm formed in the melt-quenched Ga₅₃Pd₃₀Sc₁₇ alloy, with a similar composition to that of the Ga₅₅Pd₃₀Sc₁₅ 1/1 approximant. The atomic-scale observation and chemical analysis of the 1/1 approximant by scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that the approximant consisted of Tsai-type clusters with a characteristic chemical ordering. Furthermore, a series of approximants were observed in the Ga₅₅Pd₃₀RE₁₅ alloys by replacing Sc with other rare-earth elements (REs) (RE?= Y, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu). These approximants, which have relatively small lattice constants and consequently smaller RE–RE distances compared with those for other RE-containing Tsai-type approximants, may be candidates for materials with novel electronic and magnetic properties similar to those observed in Au-based quasicrystals and approximants.     

Supersonic crack motion in a harmonic lattice

Antiplane shear cracks in a harmonic square lattice have been studied in a molecular dynamics simulation. They can reach velocities larger than the shear wave velocity.     

Dislocation relaxation and alloy softening of bcc alloys

Recently, low-frequency internal friction measurements on a series of Fe–Cr alloys by Konstantinovi? and Terentyev [M.J. Konstantinovi? and D. Terentyev, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 521–522 (2009) p.106] have demonstrated that increasing Cr concentrations lead to an increase in the strength of the β-relaxation at the cost of the γ-relaxation (Chambers’ notation). In the same concentration and temperature regime, the alloys show alloy softening. It is argued that both phenomena are due to the same process, namely the influence of foreign atoms on the transformation of the cores of a ₀?1 1 1?/2 screw dislocations from their low-temperature configuration, capable of forming kink pairs on {1 1 0} planes, to their high-temperature configuration with kink-pair generation on {2 1 1} planes.     

Structural investigations on Nd-doped silica nanocomposites: effect of sintering temperature and dopant concentration

Neodymium-doped silica nanocomposites were prepared from an acid-catalysed sol–gel solution followed by heat treatment. The structural and microstructural properties of the prepared samples as a function of sintering temperature and Nd concentration are reported. Fourier transform infrared spectra show that phase separation occurs during heat treatment. The presence of Nd₂O₃ and α-Nd₂Si₂O₇ phases in the samples was established by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs revealed the microstructure of the nanocomposites. From XRD patterns, the crystallite size was determined using the Debye–Scherrer formula, while the particle size was estimated from TEM micrographs. The results suggest that sintering at high temperature enhances the crystallinity and density of Nd₂O₃–SiO₂ nanocomposites, while the high concentration of neodymium prevents the crystallization of SiO₂.     

Room temperature ferromagnetism and photoluminescence of nanocrystalline Zn1 − xCoxO thin films prepared by sol–gel MOD

Zn_1???xCo_xO (ZC) [x?=?0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9?mol%] thin films were prepared by sol–gel combined metallo-organic decomposition method. The films were deposited on the Si substrate with spin-coating technique and annealed at 600?°C for 3?h. X-ray diffraction pattern shows the formation hexagonal wurtzite phase and distortion (c/a) decreases with increasing Co concentration in ZnO. The average grain size is measured using Scherer relation. Atomic force microscopy is used to confirm the formation of nanograins resulted by the use of polyethylene glycol as surfactant. The photoluminescence was recorded by using He-Cd laser of excitation wavelength 325?nm in wavelength region of 350–650?nm which exhibits some influence of Co doping on the multiplication of defects such as O vacancies, Zn interstitials and grain boundary defects. All thin films show room temperature ferromagnetism except pure ZnO which is diamagnetic and 9?mol% of Co shows paramagnetism. This behaviour is interpreted as due to fluctuations in the magnetic ordering, depending on grain size and site location in grain boundaries or oxygen vacancies.     

Interactions of persistent slip bands with a grain boundary on the common primary slip plane in a copper bicrystal

In this letter, the dislocation patterns on the common primary slip plane in a fatigued \[1-34]-\[182-7] copper bicrystal with a Sigma=19b grain boundary (GB) have been investigated using the electron channelling contrast technique in a scanning electron microscope. The results show that the two-phase dislocation structure, such as veins and persistent slip band (PSB) walls, embedded within veins, can be clearly seen on the common primary slip plane. In particular, the interactions of PSBs with the GB are clearly revealed. It is found that there are three kinds of interaction mode between the GB and the dislocations during cyclic deformation, and those are discussed. It is suggested that the dislocations carried by PSBs cannot transfer through the GB continuously even though the bicrystal has a common primary slip plane and its surface slip bands are continuous across the GB.     

The key role of nanoscale surface facets on the mechanical strength and failure of wurtzite and periodically twinned zinc-blende nanowires

Using molecular dynamics, we study the role of the surface facets of III–V nanowires on their failure during tensile deformation. We find that wurtzite (WZ) nanowires can withstand higher levels of stress and strain at failure compared to zinc-blende (ZB) nanowires. We observe that it is easier to nucleate a crack on a ZB nanowire due to the stress singularities that occur at the intersection of two opposing {111} facets. In WZ nanowires, we observe that cracks always nucleate at the intersection between two adjacent {112} surface facets. We explain these phenomena using fracture mechanics techniques based on energetics of crack formation.