中国近代心理学史上的丁韪良及其《性学举隅》

传教士丁韪良出于借心理学来传播宗教的目的在1898年出版了《性学举隅》, 这是融入了许多西方科学心理学知识的中文心理学著作。中国最早开设心理学课程的登州文会馆的两名毕业生在丁韪良撰写《性学举隅》过程中进行了笔述工作。丁韪良曾为益智书会撰写心理学教材但未完成, 益智书会转而出版了颜永京的《心灵学》(上本)。以丁韪良及其《性学举隅》为纽带, 19世纪后半叶中国近代心理学发展进程中的几个重要事件构成了一副较完整的历史图景, 反映出中国近代心理学的发展与宗教传播有着密切联系。《性学举隅》吸收了当时西方心理学前沿性的生理心理学知识, 向中国引介了催眠术和颅相学知识, 并对中国的“五官说”、“七情说”进行了修正与补充, 同时也借用了汉字的造字法来阐述其部分心理学观点。由于丁韪良向中国传播心理学是其宣传宗教思想的手段之一, 而颜永京译述海文原著的《心灵学》更倾向于向中国传播心理学这一学科, 强调了心理学与众多学科的联系和应用价值, 因此丁韪良在心理学术语创制上的历史功绩要逊于颜永京。颜永京于1882年将psychology翻译为“心才学”, 这是目前发现心理学学科的最早汉语翻译名称。     

甲流了解程度、疫苗安全感知、接种行为及其影响机制

采用问卷调查的方法, 对甲流了解程度、疫苗安全感知、接种行为及其影响机制进行了研究, 并运用结构方程对提出的模型进行了验证和调整。结果表明：(1)民众对甲流疫情基本情况、疫苗接种要求和传播途径等方面有较高的了解程度, 但对预防措施和疫苗信息了解较少。(2)交流卷入对了解程度不存在显著影响; 而新闻卷入对了解程度有显著正向影响, 并且新闻卷入对感知疫苗安全程度的正向影响受到了解程度的部分中介。(3)感知甲流疫苗越安全, 越倾向于选择接种疫苗。(4)人格对疫苗的风险认知存在显著影响, 个人随和性(Agreeableness)程度越高, 则感知疫苗的安全程度越高, 而年龄和性别对其均没有显著影响。     

急性心理性应激诱发的神经内分泌反应及其影响因素

急性心理性应激源分别通过下丘脑-脑垂体-肾上腺轴(hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis,HPAA)和交感神经-肾上腺髓质轴(sympathetic-adrenal medulla axis)诱发神经内分泌反应。唾液皮质醇被认为是检测急性心理性应激所诱发的HPA轴反应的稳定指标。以特里尔社会应激测试(Trier Social Stress Test,TSST)及其变式作为应激源, 以HPA轴的反应作为应激指标, 影响个体在急性心理性应激情境中发生特异性神经内分泌反应的因素主要包括人口统计学、环境和应激频率三大方面, 未来应加强急性心理性应激所诱发的神经内分泌反应的纵向研究。     

非典型性:后现代医学时代一个特征--非典型肺炎流行引发的一些思考

以非典型肺炎为案例,从后现代思维的角度讨论了现代医学的一些认识论问题和非典型肺炎流行引起恐慌的认识原因;提出了超越现代医学的后现代思维策略。     

Grade retention and enrollment in post-secondary education

Students retained in grade have dropout rates three to seven times higher than do their promoted peers, yet little is known about the outcomes for the most persistent of the retained students who graduate high school. The purpose of this research was to examine the post-secondary (PSE) enrollment rates of retained but persistent high school graduates. Ten thousand 1992 high school graduates in the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS) data base composed the sample. A logistic regression controlling for gender, socio-economic status (SES), race–ethnicity, and achievement yielded odds ratios indicating significantly lower odds of PSE enrollment for retained graduates compared to promoted graduates. Later grade retention generally reduced the odds of PSE enrollment. Findings suggest that retaining students may be related to negative educational outcomes not realized for many years.     

Defining autism: professional best practices and published case law

There are clear indications that both the reported incidence of autism in children and litigation involving this developmental disorder are increasing. However, to date there has been a dearth of research analyzing court cases and legal decisions concerning students with autism. The purpose of this review was to examine published hearing/review and court decisions concerning autism eligibility in educational settings in relation to empirically supported best practices in the assessment of autism. A total of 13 cases were identified for inclusion in the review. In general, the results indicated that hearing/review officers and judges neither relied upon nor explicitly acknowledged empirically supported assessment methods in their published eligibility decisions. It appeared that many hearing/review officers and judges relied on expert witnesses, who may or may not have had particular expertise and knowledge regarding current best practices in autism eligibility assessment. Implications of the findings and areas for future research are discussed.     

The Nature and Meaning of the Near-Death Experience for Patients and Critical Care Nurses

This study was designed to develop a conceptual framework for the near-death experience (NDE), reflecting its nature and meaning for the patient and the critical care nurse. The study used naturalistic inquiry to examine the question: What is the nature and meaning of an NDE and how has it influenced the individual's view of the self, the future, and feelings and beliefs about life and death? The NDE Scale (Greyson, 1983) was used with patients and semi-structured interview guides were used with both nurses and patients to explore the NDE from a comprehensive perspective. An NDE was defined as the report of “unusual” recollections associated with a period of unconsciousness during either serious illness or injury, or resuscitation from a cardiac or respiratory arrest. The sample included 12 patients who experienced an NDE and 19 nurses who cared for patients who experienced NDEs. This study highlighted the emotional aspects of the NDE. Patients described how the NDE transformed their lives and nurses reported how their experiences with patients changed them personally and professionally.     

Emotional Intelligence of Foreign and Local University Students in Singapore: Implications for Managers

Does intelligence alone explain our achievement at work or in life? Contrary to our belief that academic achievement matters very much in the success we have in working life, Chen et al. (1998) has shown that close to 90% of success in leadership positions is attributable to Emotional Intelligence (EI). Considering that EI can be a potential determinant of our achievement in working life, this study aims to determine if there is any significant difference in the EI of local and foreign undergraduates studying in universities in Singapore. The “Emotional IQ Test” was administered to 100 undergraduates from various fields of studies from the National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University, of which 31 had foreign education background. This study showed that foreign undergraduates have a higher EI score than those with local education background. In addition, by examining the relationships between variables such as age, gender, year of study and EI, it was found that males have higher EI scores than that of females. The implication for managers is that staff should be evaluated on their own merits such as their EI rather than on academic results.