4～5岁儿童对书面数符号的表征和理解能力的发展

本研究对61名中班儿童的书面数符号表征和理解能力进行了跟踪调查。一年中三次个别面试的结果表明,约40％的4岁儿童已能运用1—10的书面数符号表征数量。至中班末期,大多数5岁儿童能够较熟练地运用至少1一17的书面数符号来表征数量,尽管其中有人在两位数的表征和数字的正确写法上有困难。儿童的书面数符号表征与他们的基数概念发展水平密切相关。大学附属幼儿园4—5岁儿童的书面数符号表征能力好于为工人家庭服务的幼儿园儿童的能力。     

Future Directions for Eye Movement Research

Eyemovementdatahaveproventobeex鄄tremelyusefulinthestudyofmanytopicsrelatedtocognitiveprocessing.Indeed,theymaybethebeston-linemeasureofmoment-to-momentcogni鄄tiveprocesses.Thisisnottosaythateyemove鄄mentswillproveusefulineveryaspectofcognitiveprocessing.Forexample,itisdifficulttoseehoweyemovementsmayrevealagreatdealaboutbasicmemoryprocesses(but,evenhere,theycouldbeusefulindeterminingexactlywhatpeoplerememberfromasceneorvisualdisplay).Inthisarticle,Iwillbrieflysummarizesomeimportantfindingsth…     

The effects on the predictive variance of a new subject’s score for a new test

Abstract: It is often required to predict the scores or their variations under interest. Ishii and Watanabe (2001) investigated, in the context of psychological measurement, the Bayesian predictive distribution of a new subject’s scores for tests and subjects’ scores for a new test. In this paper, the Bayesian posterior predictive distribution of a new subject’s scores for a new parallel test were considered. And the effects of the number of subjects, the number of the tests, and the test reliability were investigated. Then, it was found that, under assumptions that (co)variance parameters are known, the predictive variance of a new subject’s score for a new test was equal to the predictive variances of the new subject’s scores for the existent tests. It was also found that the effect of the number of subjects was relatively large and the effect of the number of tests was relatively small, when a new subject’s scores for existent tests were not observed.     

Processing of facial and non‐facial visual stimuli in 2–5‐year‐old children

The present experiments examined the degree to which analytic and holistic modes of processing play a role in the way 2–5‐year‐old children process facial and non‐facial visual stimuli. Children between 2 and 5 years of age were instructed to categorize faces (in Experiment 1) and non‐facial visual stimuli, such as birds and planes (in Experiment 2), into two categories. The categories were so constructed as to allow the children to categorize the facial and non‐facial stimuli either analytically (by focusing on a single attribute) or holistically (in terms of overall similarity). The results demonstrated that the previous conclusions concerning older children's (from 6 years onwards) holistic mode of facial processing could not be generalized to younger children because most of the 2–5‐year olds processed the faces by taking single facial attributes into account. A similar pattern of results emerged for the processing of objects, showing that the majority of the children focused on single attributes. Thus, for both visual domains, holistic processing was the exception rather than the rule. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于中日大学生精制化活动的比较研究

本研究以中日两国大学生为对象,针对精制化的有关问题进行了跨文化的比较研究。研究表明中国大学生在精制化三个因子的得分显著高于日本大学生;中国大学生的精制化活动表现出性别差异,其中女生比男生的精制化活动更为积极,但日本的大学生却无此种性别差异的表现。     

再论马王堆帛书《系辞》中的“马”

马王堆帛书《系辞》中的“马” ,其义同于“数”。根据《素问》的记载 ,“数”是人中之阴阳 ,“象”是天地之阴阳。这与帛书《要》篇中将《易》归于“人道”的说法相通。另外 ,据秦汉时代的流行观点 ,伏羲画卦的传说也与人道思想有关。     

梦中脑内信息加工的讨论

用信息加工的观点讨论梦中脑内信息加工的特点 ,认为梦中脑内信息加工多数是浅的自动加工 ,既有串行加工又有并行加工 ,而进入梦境的信息是串行加工的。     

Personality traits of the behavioural approach and inhibition systems: associations with processing of emotional stimuli

This study examined the relationships of the traits associated with Gray's behavioural approach system (BAS) and behavioural inhibition system (BIS) with cognitive processing of emotional information. Initially, participants completed questionnaires covering trait impulsivity and anxiety, and BAS and BIS sensitivities. They were then tested individually. After completing a questionnaire of current positive and negative moods, they completed three tasks measuring processing of pleasant, unpleasant and neutral information. Consistent with Gray’s theory, the results showed that impulsivity and BAS sensitivity were associated with the processing of pleasant information, while anxiety and BIS sensitivity were associated with the processing of unpleasant information. These findings imply that Gray’s BAS–BIS theory can be extended to cognitive processing of emotional information.     

句子理解中抑制不同性质干扰信息的眼动

该研究采用眼动追踪技术和分心阅读范式考察了句子理解中的抑制过程,以及外在干扰信息的性质如何影响阅读中的抑制效率。研究结果发现语义相关干扰词比语义无关干扰词的阅读时间、注视时间更长,注视次数更多。语义无关干扰词比无意义字符串的注视时间更长、注视次数更多。该结果说明阅读过程中干扰信息越有意义,与目标句语义联系越紧密,则越容易被激活,抑制效率也就越低,符合Hasher等人提出的一般认知过程中抑制加工的原理。     

客体复杂度影响工作记忆可存储的客体数目

采用变化觉察范式,以对侧延迟活动（contralateral delay activity,CDA）的幅值为指标,通过操纵记忆刺激的复杂程度,对视觉工作记忆中可存储的客体数目（即工作记忆容量）问题进行了探讨。结果表明,2个复杂客体条件下的CDA幅值与4个复杂客体条件无显著差异,而4个简单客体条件的CDA幅值显著高于2个简单客体条件,即CDA的幅值受客体复杂度的调节。基于该结果推论：并非视觉工作记忆总能存储4个客体,其可存储的客体数目受客体复杂度影响。