Adult conversational recasts are based on child platform utterances that contain errors (e.g., Child: “Me going.” Adult: “Yes, you are going”), and recasts are effective in the child language literature. For many years, adult recasts of preschoolers’ stuttered utterances were surmised as fluency-facilitating, but to date, no evidence has been reported to support their efficacy. The purpose was to investigate the natural occurrence of, and the fluency-facilitating potential of, recasts produced by caregivers and clinicians/examiners in free-play interactions transcribed from audio or video recordings on FluencyBank. Forty-three participants with a median age of 38 mo (3;2) (Range=28–73 mo), including 32 boys and 11 girls were selected from five databases, and recasts which were near-imitations and simple recasts as per Weiss (2002) were identified. One database chosen was the Illinois project, to include a subgroup of persistent (n = 9) and recovered children (n = 9). In the 43 participants, significantly (p < 0.0001) fewer stutters and lower percent syllables stuttered (%SS) were observed in post-recast utterances (4%SS) as compared to post-nonrecast utterances (12.5%SS). The CWS-persistent subgroup (n = 9) did not fit the group trend of the 34 others who significantly differed in stuttering frequency post-nonrecast versus postrecast. Findings are taken to mean that adult conversational recasts of preschoolers’ stuttered utterances are fluency-facilitating, and interpretations are addressed. 相似文献
Minimal understandings of populism focus on measuring explicit stances of antielitism and people centrism. What remains poorly understood is the way less overt forms of populist rhetoric enable leaders to emulate the language of common citizens to achieve electoral success. This article suggests that the study of the populist discourse also requires taking into account their implicit occurrences, that is, those conveying connect, closeness, commonness, and similarity with ordinary people. Expressed through performances of “layman likeness,” they enable populist politicians to dissociate from traditional ruling elites while enabling people leaders' identifications. Using a novel 261-million-word dataset of Indian political discourses—including the speeches of 11 Prime Ministers—to proxy such identifications, we argue that populist leaders rely on a mimesis of the common people. Three core mimetic speech items are quantified: intimacy, disintermediation, and simplicity. We use a replicable corpus-contextual multiword collocation technique to populate lexicons of pretested psychometric profiles as well as a threefold validation method. The analysis finds that current Prime Minister Narendra Modi communicates mimetic identification around his persona, indexing the linguistic markers of his stylistic, ideological, and institutional populist politics. We indicate that our context-aware method could also be of use to study the cross-regional variability of mimetic populism. 相似文献
Objective: Evaluations of techniques to promote physical activity usually adopt a randomised controlled trial (RCT). Such designs inform how a technique performs on average but cannot be used for treatment of individuals. Our objective was to conduct the first N-of-1 RCTs of behaviour change techniques with older people and test the effectiveness of the techniques for increasing walking within individuals.
Design: Eight adults aged 60–87 were randomised to a 2 (goal-setting vs. active control) × 2 (self-monitoring vs. active control) factorial RCT over 62 days. The time series data were analysed for each single case using linear regressions.
Main outcome measures: Walking was objectively measured using pedometers.
Results: Compared to control days, goal-setting increased walking in 4 out of 8 individuals and self-monitoring increased walking in 7 out of 8 individuals. While the probability for self-monitoring to be effective in 7 out of 8 participants was beyond chance (p = .03), no intervention effect was significant for individual participants. Two participants had a significant but small linear decrease in walking over time.
Conclusion: We demonstrate the utility of N-of-1 trials for advancing scientific enquiry of behaviour change and in practice for increasing older people’s physical activity. 相似文献
Studying the ecclesiology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark is a complicated matter. It requires knowledge of a broad range of subjects such as theology, political science, history, and anthropology. This article shows some of the difficulties and problems related to studying a national church which is heavily politicised, because a national church, in a globalised context, easily becomes the symbol of a past identification of nation, state, church, and people. Today, this identification is changing because of immigration, secular ideologies, and secularisation. Researchers in ecclesiology must be aware of the political and national dimensions of their research and how their conclusions are used in the political debate. 相似文献