论影响卫生资源分配公平性的因素

公平分配卫生资源是促进社会公正的重要方面.观念、体制与政策是影响卫生资源公平分配的重要因素.重医疗、轻预防的观念使宏观卫生资源分配失去公平,而城市尤其是大中城市优先的制度安排、按医疗项目付费方式的弊端、医疗保障体制的不公平等体制与政策因素则使微观卫生资源分配失去公平.从观念因素、体制与政策因素两个方面入手,改进卫生资源分配的公平性,是我国提高全民健康水平、促进社会公正的必由之路.     

Embedding social networks: How guanxi ties reinforce Chinese employees’ retention

Going beyond traditional inquiry into social support from local organizational constituents, this project examined how diverse resources from mutually affiliated contacts within and beyond local work environs boost propensity to stay in firms. We deployed Burt’s (1992) name generator and network closure index to more fully assess guanxi networks in China, which comprise strong, dense, and multiplex ties. Specifically, we tested how closed guanxi networks promote job loyalty among Chinese nationals, while investigating how high-commitment human resource management (HRM) systems moderate network effects. We collected egonet data from 417 employees in four high tech firms in China. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that guanxi network closure increases propensity to stay, whose effects high-commitment HRM reinforce.     

加强医疗资源整合 发展医院优势学科

科学合理地实施医疗资源整合,是现代医院管理者要完成的重要课题。其主要形式有:成立技术协作组,设立独立专科,建立专科技术中心。医疗资源整合不是形式上的算术叠加,而是将管理理念与医院实际相结合,对医院人、财、物等进行有效地调整和组合,使其产生最大的综合效益。科学的论证、有力的政策机制和有效的管理手段是医疗资源整合成功的可靠保证。     

先天模块与后天文化资源的相互作用论——B.Butterworth的"数字模块"理论述评

从理论假设、概念体系和研究方法三个方面对B.Butterworth的“数字模块”理论进行了介绍和评价。该理论假定人类数学能力是先天的“数字模块”与后天的拓展模块功能的“概念工具”相互作用的产物。其概念体系涉及“数字模块”的定义、功能、结构及模块与文化资源间的相互作用。其方法以认知神经心理学为主,兼及跨文化、灵长目认知的研究和基因学的证据。     

Resource orchestration and dynamic managerial capabilities: focusing on sales managers as effective resource orchestrators

Resource-based theory (RBT) posits that firms gain competitive advantage through bundles of valuable and rare resources and sustain that advantage over time when such resources are difficult to imitate or nonsubstitutable by competitors. Recent applications of RBT emphasize the role of managers in mobilizing and leveraging organizational resources and capabilities for achieving business objectives. The purpose of this research is to advance the sales literature by applying learning from two specific perspectives based on RBT that focus explicitly on managerial actions pertaining to resources and capabilities: resource orchestration and dynamic managerial capabilities. These perspectives provide insights into the role of sales managers as orchestrators of sales and nonsales resources for achieving sales, organizational, and customer outcomes. Consistent with the stated purpose, this research provides (1) a review of research on resources and capabilities in the sales literature, (2) an overview of resource orchestration and related research, (3) an overview of dynamic managerial capabilities and related research, (4) a research agenda and propositions based on research orchestration and dynamic managerial capabilities for further investigation on the role of sales managers as effective resource orchestrators in sales organizations.     

Foreign and domestic company attractiveness to host national employees in Japan: A person–organization fit and image theory perspective

This study contributes to research on organizational attractiveness and human resource management (HRM) by drawing on image theory to examine the effect of organizational characteristics (foreign vs. domestic company country‐of‐origin, HRM practices, organizational culture, and work environment) on organizational attractiveness perceptions by host country national (HCN) employees. Drawing on person–organization fit theory, we also examine the moderating effects of HCNs' demographic characters (age and gender), work‐related skills (English proficiency and international experience), and value orientations (individualism and risk aversion) between the relationship of these organizational characteristics and organizational attractiveness. A between‐subject scenario‐based experiment with 800 HCN employees in Japan suggest that not the company country‐of‐origin, but the local adaptation of organizational culture, HRM practices, and work environment influence HCNs' organizational attractiveness perceptions. HCNs' demographic characteristics, work‐related skills, and value orientations had moderating effects between these organizational characteristics and organizational attractiveness perceptions.     

资源困境中共同收益延迟的影响：时间折扣的调节效应

通过测量83名大学生的时间折扣率和不同共同收益延迟时距上的金币拿取量,以探讨资源困境中共同收益延迟对个体决策的影响及时间折扣的调节效应。结果表明：（1）金币拿取量随共同收益延迟时距的增长而增加,增加趋势和初始时间点的金币拿取量均存在显著的个体差异;（2）时间折扣率反向调节初始延迟时间点的金币拿取量,正向调节金币拿取量随延迟时距增长而增加的速率。这表明资源困境与跨期选择两个不同研究领域具有紧密联系,对当前资源保护制度的制定与实施具有一定的启发意义。     

Effects of female presence on intrasexual aggression in male lizards,Podarcis hispanicus

Resource value and expected gain in reproduction may affect motivation to fight and the likelihood of winning. Previous experiments have showed that males increase their fighting effort when defending a territory that contains females. However, we hypothesized that for an intruding lizard, the value of a new territory may be lower if he already has a female in his own territory, and consequently, aggressivity should be lesser than if he has no access to any female. We staged encounters between males of the lizard Podarcis hispanicus in outdoor terraria to analyze the outcome and detailed behaviors involved in agonistic interactions in the presence or absence of a female in the terraria of resident and intruders. Our results showed that when a female was present, the level of aggressivity of the resident male was higher; the probability of winning the contest also increased, but only if the intruding male had no females in his own terraria. In contrast, when the intruding male was also the owner of another territory containing a female, residents were less aggressive. We suggest that the lack of information on the reproductive state of an unfamiliar female may be enough to decrease fighting motivation of an intruding male, if he has more expectations of success with his own familiar female. We conclude that differences in expected reproductive success with different females may help to decide the outcome of conflicts between males quicker and cheaper. Aggr. Behav. 28:491–498, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Queuing or sharing? A critical evaluation of the single-bottleneck notion

The model of a single central bottleneck for human information processing is critically examined. Most evidence cited in support of the model has been observed within the overlapping tasks paradigm. It is shown here that most findings obtained within that paradigm and that were used to support the model are also consistent with a simple resource model. The most prominent findings are the millisecond-for-millisecond slope at the left of the RT2-SOA curve, the high RT1-RT2 correlation, the additivity of the effects on RT2 of SOA and of the difficulty of selecting R2, and the washout of the effect of S2 discriminability on RT2 in a dual-task condition. In addition, the asymmetry of the effects of the dual-task requirement on RT1 and RT2 can be accounted for by the resource model provided that it assumes uneven allocation of resources, which is quite reasonable in view of the task asymmetry inherent in the demand characteristics of the paradigm. The same is true for two other findings that appear to support the single-bottleneck model-that in the dual-task condition, the demand of the first task affects equally RT1 and RT2 and that its effect on RT1 is the same as the corresponding effect in the single-task condition. Furthermore, the single-bottleneck model is hard to reconcile with a negative slope at the left of the RT1-SOA curve or a positive slope at the left of the IRI-SOA curve, unless augmented by ancillary assumptions that are yet to be substantiated. Representative data were fit by each of the models using its optimal set of parameters. Both models achieved quite good degrees of fit. It is further argued that since the overlapping tasks paradigm is heavily biased in favor of a speedy reaction to the stimulus that appears first, it is nonoptimal for testing the central bottleneck model. Finally, the bottleneck model is examined in terms of other scientific criteria.     

When the going gets tough,what happens to quiet eye? The role of time pressure and performance pressure during basketball free throws

In aiming sport contexts, the quiet eye (QE) - the final ocular fixation before movement initiation - is a crucial perceptual-cognitive skill. Indeed, an extended QE permits athletes to achieve high performances, aiding optimal attentional control, particularly in situations in which athletes are "under pressure." Such situations are common in sport, especially when time runs out, and even just a few points can mean the difference between victory and defeat. Although QE has been widely investigated across several sports and tasks, no previous studies have considered both the role of time pressure and performance pressure on QE. The current study aimed to comprehend the effect of tough sport situations on QE characteristics. Accordingly, we tested basketball players (competitive-élites and semi-élites) in free throw trials, manipulating both the time available to perform the task and the relevance of the performance. The results showed that time pressure and performance pressure impaired QE characteristics, regardless of expertise levels. Also, time pressure led to a decrease in free throw accuracy. Interestingly, the match between task demands and the ability to cope seemed to play a role on QE, especially in the competitive-élite players, with negative QE characteristics (short and late) when task demands exceeded the ability to cope. These findings suggest that QE research and QE training protocols should account for time pressure, performance pressure, and the players' perceived ability to cope with the requested task.