Interference control in preschoolers: factors influencing performance on the day–night task

Two experiments investigated preschoolers' interference control in variants of the day–night task. The day–night task involves instructing children across 16 trials to say the word ‘day’ when viewing a card depicting a nighttime sky and to say ‘night’ when shown a picture of the daytime sky. The purpose of the experiments was to investigate whether the depiction on each card distracts children because it is semantically associated with the instructed response or because the depicted item cues the alternative (incorrect) response within the response set. The results in the first study (N=23, M=52.65 months) and second study (N=54, M=50.81 months) indicate that a close semantic relation between the picture and the target response does not pose substantial interference for preschoolers. In contrast, the pictured item poses a significant challenge for preschoolers when it depicts the interfering alternative in the response set. Theoretical implications of these results for the development of interference control are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

类比数量表征的线索:离散量还是连续量

运用Stroop研究范式,对30名成人被试的类比数量表征线索进行了研究。结果发现:在类比数量的小数和大数段上,不存在表征线索的分化;在个数任务中不出现Stroop效应,但被试在强不一致条件下的错误率显著高于强一致条件下的错误率;在累积面积任务中出现Stroop效应,且在弱不一致、强不一致条件下的反应时、错误率都显著高于强一致、弱一致条件下的反应时、错误率。以上结果表明被试在进行类比数量表征时,可以同时提取离散量线索和连续量线索,但是对离散量线索的抑制要难于对连续量线索的抑制。     

摆在现代外科医师面前的若干矛盾现象

随着自然和社会科学的进步,现代外科在得到了空前发展的同时,许多矛盾现象也摆在外科医师的面前,例如手术和非手术、手术扩大与缩小、手工操作和器械使用、手术实施和手术风险、经验主义和循证、临床治愈和健康之间的矛盾,如何正视和解决这些矛盾问题,关系到到现代外科学长远发展。     

腔内泌尿外科技术应用中的若干思考

近年来腔内泌尿外科迅速发展,在泌尿外科领域广泛应用.回顾历史,腔内泌尿外科器械是在与多种学科相互交叉和渗透的过程中发展的,学科交叉促进了腔内泌尿外科器械的发展和应用;腔内泌尿外科技术是医学人文关怀的体现,符合现代医学模式的要求.我们应加强医学与其它学科的交叉,促进腔内泌尿外科的发展,使疾病诊治更具人文精神.     

Automatic quantity processing in 5-year olds and adults

In this study adults performed numerical and physical size judgments on a symbolic (Arabic numerals) and non-symbolic (groups of dots) size congruity task. The outcomes would reveal whether a size congruity effect (SCE) can be obtained irrespective of notation. Subsequently, 5-year-old children performed a physical size judgment on both tasks. The outcomes will give a better insight in the ability of 5-year-olds to automatically process symbolic and non-symbolic numerosities. Adult performance on the symbolic and non-symbolic size congruity tasks revealed a SCE for numerical and physical size judgments, indicating that the non-symbolic size congruity task is a valid indicator for automatic processing of non-symbolic numerosities. Physical size judgments on both tasks by children revealed a SCE only for non-symbolic notation, indicating that the lack of a symbolic SCE is not related to the mathematical or cognitive abilities required for the task but instead to an immature association between the number symbol and its meaning.     

假字的Stroop效应:汉字部件对颜色命名的影响

通过变化左、右部件和上、中、下部件而制作的假字,采用两因素被试内设计,共80名大学生参加两个实验,考察汉字部件的Stroop效应。结果发现:(1)由"红"、"黄"两字不同部件所构成的假字分别影响对红、黄颜色的命名;(2)不同位置的部件所构成的假字,其产生的Stroop效应不同,即左部件比右部件,上部件比中、下部件产生的影响更明显。最后在平行分布式加工模型的范畴内讨论了其加工机制。     

汉字、拼音、英文Stroop干扰效应的比较研究

本研究通过比较汉字、拼音和英文的Stroop干扰效应,考察文字系统的差异能否影响Stroop干扰效应。结果表明汉字、拼音、英文在Stroop任务中的干扰效应依次降低。组块之间的比较表明随着刺激的重复呈现,汉字、拼音、英文的Stroop干扰效应都逐渐变小且趋于相同。对Stroop效应更加合理的理论解释是整合了文字加工过程的平行分布加工模型。     

内隐学习和外显学习关系评述

文章从内隐学习与外显学习的区别、联系以及相互作用三方面,对这两个概念集合间的关系进行了辨析。最初,内隐学习这一概念的提出,是源于其与外显学习在现象学、实验操作、神经生理学以及学习机制等方面的诸多不同。近年来,虽然内隐学习的独立地位已被充分确立,但是,也有越来越多的证据表明,内隐学习和外显学习之间的独立性是相对的,它们之间存在紧密的联系和相互作用,任何一个学习任务都是内隐和外显学习的结合物。最后,作者结合自己的实验研究进一步提出了,内隐学习和外显学习之间相互权衡的动态关系。     

STROOP效应及其反转：无意识和意识知觉

该研究基于Stroop效应确立了意识知觉和无意识知觉间的质的差异,刺激特性(呈现时间)的改变和注意的改变引起了非常类似的行为上的质差模式,二者在决定意识时存在着补偿作用。当色词短暂呈现而被无意识知觉时,被试在对靶颜色进行命名时不能利用色词提供的预期信息,从而反应时出现典型的Stroop效应;而通过增强刺激特性或提高注意水平可以使色词被有意识知觉。从而出现了Stroop效应的反转。     

Selective processing of food,weight, and body-shape words in nonpatient women with bulimia nervosa: Interference on the Stroop task

The study investigated whether the Stroop interference effect could be found in nonpatients with a self-report consistent with a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa. The nonpatient bulimic group showed significantly more interference to disorder-specific words (food, weight, and body shape) than to control words. The two nonpatient comparison groups, a depressed-nonbulimic group and a nonbulimic-nondepressed group, showed no interference. These results indicate that nonpatients with bulimia nervosa can be used to test various models of the cognitive and emotional processes involved in bulimia nervosa with the modified Stroop task. Methodological issues in the use of the computerized Stroop task with clinical populations are also noted.