自动思维及归因方式对抑郁症作用的多因素分析

目的：探讨抑郁症患者治疗前后自动思维、应付方式变化对抑郁严重程度变化的影响及其相互作用。方法：对97例抑郁症患者分别在其入、出院时进行测评,测评工具包括自评抑郁量表、自动思维问卷和归因方式问卷。此外对100例正常对照亦进行上述测评,其中29例在15—20天后重测。结果：自动思维问卷得分、归因方式问卷得分的logistic回归分析、路径分析表明,自动思维、对正性事件的整体性维度的归因方式对抑郁程度的影响有显著作用,自动思维的变化对SDS的变化的直接影响最大(路径系数为0．572),归因方式中正性事件整体性归因的变化为其次(路径系数为一0．193),而自动思维的变化与归因方式中正性事件整体性归因的变化的相互影响较小(路径系数为-0．188)。结论：自动思维、对正性事件的整体性维度的归因方式对抑郁严重程度有显著影响。     

Confronting Bluebeard: totalitarian regimes in childhood and in the collective psyche

Beginning with the story of Bluebeard, the author considers how traumatic overwhelm can occur in everyday childhood situations of a psychically murderous quality; for example, a nanny’s totalitarian regime may be invisible to parents ruled by collective social and cultural norms. A child who is remote from mother and idealises a father embodying a powerful patriarchal system may remain naïvely dependent in marriage and unable to cope with the realities of human aggression. The paper describes analytic work with a woman who had suffered repeated breakdowns and needed to relinquish a fragile, socially constructed identity in order to establish her own true orientation.     

The future of Jungian analysis: strengths,weaknesses, opportunities,threats (‘SWOT’)

Using a methodology derived from management and organizational studies, the author reviews the future of Jungian analysis. The methodology is termed SWOT – strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats. A selected list in each of these categories is presented. The author is transparent in allowing for the fact that the paper not only derives from a public lecture on the topic, but also retains the immediacy and the contrarian and opinionated style of such a lecture.     

“This is my only request” – using the ‘Omega’ strategy to boost the success of charity drives

IntroductionThe Omega strategy described by Knowles is comprised of techniques applied with the goal of breaking down an individual's resistance to taking decisions (involving the purchase of a product, donations to charity, support for an idea, etc.).ObjectiveThe article describes two experiments designed to test a hypothesis on the usefulness of applying the Omega strategy in seeking donations for charitable organizations. The studies examines how adding the phrase “this is my only request” after announcing the primary request impacts the tendency to fulfil it. We tested both the willingness to help (experiment 1 and 2) as well as its declared size (experiment 2).MethodIn first experiment, 106 participants were asked in control and experimental conditions to make a donation to a children's hospice. In a second experiment, randomly assigned pedestrians (n = 80) were asked to help in writing and sending Christmas postcards to prisoners.ResultsThe results of both experiments demonstrate that the formula “this is my only request” is effective in increasing the chances that people will give donations.ConclusionWe may suspect that adding this phrase softens resistance among those who fear a more difficult request will come after the first one is fulfilled (and thus are wary of the mechanism applied in the foot-in-the-door technique).     

The relationship between abusive supervision,distributive justice and job satisfaction: A substitutes for leadership approach

IntroductionRecently, interest in abusive supervision has grown (Tepper, 2007). However, little is still known about organizational factors that can reduce the adverse effects of abusive supervision.ObjectiveBased on a substitute for leadership perspective (Kerr & Jermier, 1978), we predict that job resources adequacy and role clarity act as buffers in the negative relationship between abusive supervision, distributive justice and job satisfaction.MethodA sample of 253 employees from a City Hall was used to test our hypotheses.ResultsWe found that abusive supervision was significant and negatively related to distributive justice when job resources adequacy and role clarity were low, but not when job resources adequacy and role clarity were high, with consequences for job satisfaction.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that job resources adequacy and role clarity can reduce the negative impact of abusive supervision, which then lessens distributive unfairness perceptions and job dissatisfaction.     

Measuring dating violence: Conflict or non-conflict related instructions?

Introduction

Dating violence, as well as the broader field of intimate partner violence, has mainly been investigated with two conflict-related questionnaires (Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationship Inventory CADRI, Conflict Tactics Scale CTS). Indeed, the respondents have to report aggressive behaviors that occurred in a context of conflict. Such conflict-related instructions prevent us from investigating violence occurring outside a context of conflict.

The political glass cliff: When left-wing orientation leads to minority candidate choices for hard-to-win seats

IntroductionGlass cliff evidence shows that women and ethnic, racial, and immigration (ERI) groups are more likely to face precarious leadership positions than majority groups. In politics, this is illustrated by minority candidates running for harder-to-win seats than majority candidates.ObjectiveThe present research extends these correlational findings on ERI populations to an experimental setting and investigates the underlying reasons.MethodTwo scenario-based experimental studies were conducted with voting populations in France and Switzerland, who took the role of party decision-maker. In Study 1 (n = 64), we manipulated candidate origin and measured the choice of political ward (hard vs. easy-to-win), while in Study 2 (n = 151), we manipulated ward winnability and measured candidate choice (ERI minority vs. majority).ResultsOverall, findings suggest that ERI minority (compared to majority) political candidates were more likely to be matched with hard-to-win than easy-to-win political wards. Of interest, this finding only occurred for participants with a political left-wing orientation. Moreover, both studies investigated the reasons underlying such tendency and, in particular, focused on participants’ motivation to implement change.ConclusionThe discussion confronts hostile and benign motives for glass cliff decisions and highlights the potentially distinct consequences for minority candidates.     

Does body dissatisfaction have the same meaning for males and females? A measurement invariance study

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the psychometric equivalence of body dissatisfaction (BD) between males and females.MethodTwo scales, BD and Drive to Thinness (DT), from the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 were evaluated. The sample was comprised of 1616 adolescent males and 1429 adolescent females. Factorial invariance across gender of two scales was assessed in order to evaluate the equivalence of scores.ResultsThe results showed full invariance for the DT scale items, and partial invariance for BD scale items. The content analysis of the items confirmed that items related to the perception of thighs, stomach and hips showed differential functioning across gender.ConclusionsDifferent representation of the BD construct between males and females was concluded, and caution was recommended in assessing and interpreting BD in male samples with questionnaires designed for women.