陈述性记忆存储和巩固的神经机制

综述了陈述性记忆形成和巩固的神经机制,并对经典模型进行了修正和拓展。主要观点是：陈述性记忆的存储和巩固依赖于新皮层不同脑区之间建立新的联系,内侧颞叶在这一过程中起着重要作用;当陈述性记忆完全巩固后,信息的存储和提取完全依赖于新皮质;一个完整的陈述性记忆的信息被分别存储在解剖上分离的语义记忆与情节记忆存储系统内     

A Dissociation between Symbolic Number Knowledge and Analogue Magnitude Information

Semantic understanding of numbers and related concepts can be dissociated from rote knowledge of arithmetic facts. However, distinctions among different kinds of semantic representations related to numbers have not been fully explored. Working with numbers and arithmetic requires representing semantic information that is both analogue (e.g., the approximate magnitude of a number) and symbolic (e.g., what / means). In this article, the authors describe a patient (MC) who exhibits a dissociation between tasks that require symbolic number knowledge (e.g., knowledge of arithmetic symbols including numbers, knowledge of concepts related to numbers such as rounding) and tasks that require an analogue magnitude representation (e.g., comparing size or frequency). MC is impaired on a variety of tasks that require symbolic number knowledge, but her ability to represent and process analogue magnitude information is intact. Her deficit in symbolic number knowledge extends to a variety of concepts related to numbers (e.g., decimal points, Roman numerals, what a quartet is) but not to any other semantic categories that we have tested. These findings suggest that symbolic number knowledge is a functionally independent component of the number processing system, that it is category specific, and that it is anatomically and functionally distinct from magnitude representations.     

计算机有内隐记忆吗？——人与计算机的初步比较研究

本实验参照国内内隐记忆研究方面的一个经典实验(杨治良,1991),以无意义音节为材料,运用信号检测论的方法,对计算机是否存在内隐记忆的问题进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,在本实验条件下计算机只有单纯的100％正确的回忆效应,不具备内隐记忆。本研究为探明计算机的记忆特点作了初步尝试,同时也从一个新角度再次证明了内隐记忆是独立于外显记忆的客观存在。     

Memory deficits in young schizophrenics with normal general intellectual function

The aim of the present study was to examine different dimensions of memory functioning in young schizophrenics with normal general intellectual abilities. Thirty-three patients with schizophrenia and 33 healthy controls were included in the study. The results suggest that immediate short-term memory is intact, though there emerged a working memory deficit in the schizophrenia group. Deficient encoding of verbal material was observed in some, but not in other, testing conditions. There also seemed to be a retrieval deficit for verbal material in schizophrenia, though no storage deficit was indicated. Impaired memory for non-verbal material was also revealed. These results occurred in a context of intact executive functioning as measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The results indicate that temporal and frontal structures, as well as their interconnections, may be compromised in schizophrenia.     

选择性注意的分心物加工机制对工作记忆的影响

通过实验法严格筛选被试,探讨了在有无分心物干扰的条件下,选择性注意的分心物加工机制(分心物抑制机制、分心物习惯化机制)对工作记忆的影响。结果揭示了,分心物抑制机制不仅能影响工作记忆的储存而且还影响工作记忆的加工;而习惯化机制只影响工作记忆的储存,不影响工作记忆的加工。     

Implicit learning revealed by the method of opposition

Complex information, such as that required for motor skills, can be learned implicitly, without awareness. Much debate has centered on the appropriate methods for proving that implicit learning is not influenced by explicit awareness. A recent study by Destrebecqz and Cleeremans has provided compelling evidence for implicit sequence learning without awareness by using the ‘method of opposition’.     

Reduced right hemisphere activation in severely abused violent offenders during a working memory task: An fMRI study

This study uses functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to address two important gaps in our knowledge of brain functioning and violence: (1) What are the brain correlates of adults in the community who have suffered severe physical abuse early in life and who go on to perpetrate serious violence in adulthood? (2) What characterizes those who experience severe physical abuse but who refrain from serious violence? Four groups of participants recruited from the community (controls, severe physical child abuse only, serious violence only, and severely abused, seriously violent offenders) underwent fMRI while performing a visual/verbal working memory task. Violent offenders who had suffered severe child abuse show reduced right hemisphere functioning, particularly in the right temporal cortex. Abused individuals who refrain from serious violence showed relatively lower left, but higher right, activation of the superior temporal gyrus. Abused individuals, irrespective of violence status, showed reduced cortical activation during the working memory task, especially in the left hemisphere. Brain deficits were independent of IQ, history of head injury, task performance, cognitive strategy, and mental activity during the control task. Findings constitute the first fMRI study of brain dysfunction in violent offenders, and indicate that initial right hemisphere dysfunction, when combined with the effects of severe early physical abuse, predisposes to serious violence but that relatively good right hemisphere functioning protects against violence in physically abused children. Aggr. Behav. 27:111–129, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

听写任务下儿童汉字输出特点及影响因素的研究

本研究采用听写任务,考察了小学六年级儿童的汉字书写心理过程。结果发现:正确率与频率成正比,与目标字学习年级成反比;书写错误主要是别字错误,错字错误少;在错字错误中,超过75%的错字部件正确;在别字错误中,同音错误比例最高,其次是同声旁错误;不同特性的汉字,儿童所犯的错误不同。本研究的结论是记忆有助于儿童汉字书写,汉字构字规则以及同音字多、声旁表音等汉语语言学规律对儿童汉字书写产生影响。     

词汇语音学习的影响因素

摘要 词汇语音的学习受哪些因素的影响是心理语言学研究中一个重要的问题。语音回路理论认为,语音短时记忆在词汇语音的学习过程中发挥着关键性的作用,语音短时记忆能力越好越有助于词汇的学习;语音敏感性假说认为,语音意识是影响儿童词汇发展及学习的重要因素;另外一些研究者认为,语音知识可能发挥着更为基础和关键的作用,最近的研究则更加强调几种因素如何相互作用影响词汇语音的学习。本文最后提出了该领域需要进一步研究的问题。     

适应性记忆：方位记忆的生存优势

采用“间接学习—回忆”实验范式,考查方位记忆的生存优势及生存记忆的性别差异。在电脑屏幕上下左右4个方位随机呈现动物或食物图片,被试相对于中央点对捕获动物或采集食物的难易程度进行评价,然后进行方位回忆测验。实验1和实验2为2（情境：生存情境vs.比赛情境）×2（性别：男vs.女）的被试间设计,发现当狩猎动物或采集食物活动与生存相关时,图片方位回忆的正确率较大;实验3为2（情境：生存狩猎情境vs.生存采集情境）×2（性别：男vs.女）的混合设计,发现不同性别被试在两种生存情境中的图片回忆正确率存在差异。表明方位记忆具有生存优势,生存记忆存在性别差异。