THE COLLECTIVIST APPROACH TO COLLECTIVE MORAL RESPONSIBILITY

Abstract: In this article we critique the collectivist approach to collective moral responsibility. According to philosophers of a collectivist persuasion, a central notion of collective moral responsibility is moral responsibility assigned to a collective as a single entity. In our critique, we proceed by way of discussing the accounts and arguments of three prominent representatives of the collectivist approach with respect to collective responsibility: Margaret Gilbert, Russell Hardin, and Philip Pettit. Our aims are mainly critical; however, this should not be taken to imply that we do not ourselves support an alternative account of collective responsibility. We advocate an individualist account of collective responsibility. On this view of collective responsibility as joint responsibility, collective responsibility is ascribed to individuals. Each member of the group is individually morally responsible for the outcome of the joint action, but each is individually responsible jointly with the others.     

Is culture a problem for social psychology?

Culture has been regarded as an anathema to psychology as an empiricist research tradition. Despite the explosive growth of research on culture and psychology over the last decade of the 20th century and its importance in Asian social psychology, the ontological and epistemological tension between psychology as a science and psychology as a cultural/historical discipline introduced in the writings of the thinkers of the Enlightenment and counter-Enlightenment still lingers on in the contemporary discourse of psychology. Clifford Geertz once ominously suggested that cultural psychology may have chewed more than it can. In the present paper, the interpretive turn in social science as exemplified by writings of Charles Taylor and Paul Ricoeur is reviewed and how it may impinge on the practice of Asian social psychology as an empirical science in methodological, epistemological, and ontological respects is discussed. It is argued here that the current practice of Asian social psychology is largely, though not entirely, free of the challenges mounted by these theorists, and that Asian social psychology has an advantage of not being encumbered by this traditional tension due to a monist ontology that is prevalent in Asia.     

从医生和医院角度透视医患关系

医患关系一直以来都是临床医学实践的核心问题和基础,受多因素影响,包括患者、医生(医院)和社会.在医患关系不和谐的今天,如何以系统论方法,从医生和医院角度分析制约医患关系健康发展症结,是每个医生和医院管理者需认真思考和对待的问题.而发扬人文主义精神,坚持"以病人为中心"理念,是医生和医院缓解日益加剧的医患矛盾,从根本上改善医患关系的前提.     

中国古代心理学思想家关于品德修养的论述

品德修养是中国古代道德教育思想中强调的重点;品德修养的形成．是一个由知到行的过程。由此提出了内省等重要的品德修养的方法。     

问题与视角:西方易学的三种研究路径

本文试图截取“西方易学”的三种重要研究路径,对其发展历史和具有代表性的研究论著做简要慨述,在此基础上探讨他们在《周易》文本性质、作者、经传关系及历史诠释上的差异,从而表明,“西方易学”作为西方学术和思想的组成部分,在中西交流的背景之中,是如何根植于西方文化背景之中的.而他们对《周易》的探讨又超越西方文化本身,进入到人类生存基本问题的探讨.     

Factors affecting the involvement of teachers in guidance and counselling as a whole-school approach

This study explores factors affecting the involvement of regular secondary school teachers in the whole-school approach to guidance and counselling by interviewing 12 secondary school teachers in Hong Kong. Emerging themes include teachers' ownership of their role in student guidance and counselling, the alignment of their disposition with education policies, school missions and culture, and their philosophy in education. Findings of what these teachers are actually doing in guidance and counselling are presented. Implications for policy-makers, administrators and leaders for comprehensive guidance and counselling programmes are drawn from constraints that limit interviewees' full potential in assisting students.     

肌间隙入路与传统入路经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术治疗腰椎滑脱症的比较研究

为改良经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术(TLIF)治疗腰椎滑脱症的手术入路,对两组共41例患者分别经多裂肌与最长肌间隙入路和传统后正中骶棘肌剥离入路行TLIF手术,随访6个月。结果显示肌间隙入路组术中出血量、术后引流量、切口区域疼痛、腰腿痛功能障碍恢复情况均优于传统入路组。因此,经肌间隙入路行TLIF手术治疗腰椎滑脱症可以明显降低手术创伤造成的多裂肌退变和术后慢性腰背疼痛的发生率,提高临床疗效。     

中介效应的检验方法和效果量测量:回顾与展望

通过中介效应检验方法之间的比较和效果量指标之间的比较,建议放弃将总效应c显著作为中介效应检验的前提条件,放弃基于直接效应c'显著性的完全和部分中介的提法,推荐使用偏差校正的百分位Bootstrap法直接对中介效应ab进行检验,使用κ²、R_med²等中介效果量指标并报告效果量的置信区间。作为示例,用R软件的MBESS软件包对某消防员饮食健康调查进行了中介效应检验和效果量测量。随后展望了中介效应检验方法和效果量测量的拓展方向。     

趋近和回避动机的区分及其对心理病理学的影响

趋近和回避是动机的两种最基本形式, 反映着个体与环境的相互作用方式, 是个体适应环境的核心机能。回避动机保证了个体的生存, 趋近动机则促进个体的成长。两类动机系统在前额叶皮层呈不对称偏侧化分布, 趋近动机与左侧额叶皮层激活相连, 回避动机与右侧额叶皮层激活相连。Youngstorm 和Izard等认为两类动机系统失调可能与一系列的情绪和行为问题有关, 如躁狂、抑郁、焦虑和儿童多动症等。这一观点已得到一些相关研究和临床研究证实。建议未来研究关注趋近-回避动机区分与情绪和认知功能研究的融合, 进一步检验趋近-回避动机系统失调模型, 并加强趋近和回避动机系统的可塑性研究。     

基于日常经验取向的责任心理结构研究

基于日常经验取向,运用理论建构和深度访谈的方法,研究责任的心理结构以及责任情境的认知特征。对207名被试访谈研究的结果表明：（1）责任是人们频繁感知和体验到的一种社会心理现象;（2）人们体察到的责任情境,在职业活动和个人生活领域存在类型上的差异;（3）在职业活动中,人们更倾向于将责任归因于他人,而在个人生活中更倾向于归因于自己;（4）人们对责任情境性质的判定与责任事件最终能否达到预期目标有关;（5）责任心理结构共由情境起因、自我效能、成就感、内外动机等20个核心要素构成;（6）责任心理结构是一个由责任认知、责任情感和责任行为三者构成的一元单向决定模式。