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41.
A comparison of the mechanical effect of arm swing and countermovement on the lower extremities in vertical jumping 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The purposes of this study were to quantify and compare how arm swing and countermovement affect lower extremity torque and work during vertical jumping and to gain insight into the mechanisms that enable the arm swing and countermovement to increase jump height. Five participants maximally performed two types of vertical squat jumps with (SJA) and without (SJ) an arm swing and two types of countermovement vertical jumps with (CJA) and without (CJ) an arm swing. The participants jumped from a force platform and all performances were videotaped with a high-speed video camera (200Hz). Jump heights, joint torques and work were calculated by combining kinematic and kinetic data. It was found that of the four jumping conditions, the participants jumped highest when they used an arm swing with countermovement (i.e., CJA). The increase of the countermovement jump height with an arm swing is the result of the increase of the lower extremity work. In the hip joint, the increase in torque caused by the countermovement predominantly occurred at the beginning of the propulsion phase, while the increase in torque caused by the arm swing occurred in the rest of the propulsion phase. A key finding of our study is that arm swing and countermovement have independent effects on lower extremity work, and their effects are additive in CJA to produce greater jump height. 相似文献
42.
Although sport access for females has greatly improved, certain behaviors continue to be considered more or less appropriate
for females depending upon how compatible they are with biologically or socially constructed female characteristics. However,
young women who have grown up playing sports and continue participation at the college level have constructed meanings about
being a young woman and an athlete. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed to investigate how seven gymnasts
and seven softball players competing in NCAA Division I athletics view and contend with a “female/athlete paradox.” These
women recognized preferred femininity and at times constructed images based on this notion. However, they also embraced their
athleticism and felt at ease choosing not to perform femininity in some contexts. 相似文献
43.
Drawing on transactional theories of child development, we assessed bidirectional links between trajectories of adolescent
substance use and parenting processes from early through mid adolescence. Hierarchical generalized models estimated trajectories
for 3,317 adolescents from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, exploring both between- and within-individual effects.
Between individuals, adolescents reporting more regular family activities and greater father and mother knowledge of friends
and teachers experienced lower levels of substance use through mid adolescence. Similarly, adolescents with more frequent
substance use reported lower family activities, father knowledge, and mother knowledge, though these differences dissipated
over time. More conservative within-individual differences indicated a prospective protective effect of family activities,
with increases in adolescent participation in family activities predicting later declines in substance use. Results support
the central importance of engagement in regular family activities, and suggest the need for further exploration of transactional
processes between parents and children in the development of risk behaviors. 相似文献
44.
Brant P. Hasler Matthias R. Mehl Richard R. Bootzin Simine Vazire 《Journal of research in personality》2008
The authors used the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) to track within-day variability in everyday behaviors associated with positive and negative affect across two samples. The EAR is a portable audio recorder that periodically samples snippets of ambient sounds from participants’ momentary environments. The recorded sounds are then coded for different behaviors. The study tested whether previous findings regarding diurnal patterns in self-reported mood extend to naturalistically observed behavior. Across both samples, behavior associated with positive affect (i.e., socializing, laughing, and singing) varied according to a sinusoidal 24-h rhythm centered around participants’ average waketime while behavior associated with negative affect (i.e., arguing and sighing) did not. Further, there was preliminary evidence that personality traits can moderate these rhythms (e.g., their amplitude). 相似文献
45.
46.
Creativity researchers are increasingly interested in understanding when, how, and for whom creativity can be beneficial. Previous reviews have demonstrated that creativity research largely ignores the study of its impact on factors that promote health, and well-being among populations of adults. It is unclear, in fact, whether this gap in research also extends to creativity research among young children. This paper addresses this issue. Early childhood is a crucial stage for the cognitive development of young children who remain highly sensitive to stress, and adversity. It is therefore essential to identify and promote factors that are beneficial to early childhood resilience, thereby contributing to documenting more of the effects of creative activities on positive outcomes. This paper presents a review with a bibliometric analysis of 1000 randomly selected articles from the Web of Science, without bias towards any specific peer-reviewed journal. The analysis of 454 included articles shows that approximately 80% of the included studies focus on creativity as an outcome (replicating previous findings with a larger sample), with only 3.78% investigating creative activities as predictors among young children. In this small percentage, most of the studies addressed creative activities in young children related to resilience outcomes. 相似文献
47.
48.
体验活动对冲动性购买行为的影响:情感反应视角 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
冲动性购买在商场和超市的零售中占有相当的比例,本研究以旅游者和旅游购物为实证研究对象,在323份调查问卷的基础上,采用方差分析和回归分析的方法探讨了体验活动对冲动性购买行为的影响及其情感反应机制。结果表明:在激发消费者冲动性购买行为方面,顾客参与的效果最好,其次是顾客学习,再次是顾客娱乐;顾客参与会导致更多的快乐的情感反应,而快乐的情感反应对冲动性购买意愿的影响最为显著;顾客学习会导致更多的支配的情感反应,而支配的情感反应对冲动性购买意愿的影响较为显著。 相似文献
49.
Prospective Relations Between Organized Activity Participation and Psychopathology During Adolescence 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This longitudinal study examined psychopathology as a predictor and outcome of organized activity involvement during high school among 198 adolescents who varied in risk for psychopathology as a function of their mother's depression history. Higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in eighth grade significantly predicted lower levels of involvement in academic clubs during high school, over and above risk and SES. Tobacco use prior to high school predicted lower levels of involvement overall and in academic clubs and performance arts. Controlling for psychopathology prior to high school, higher levels of activity involvement were associated with lower levels of externalizing symptoms, less tobacco use, and fewer diagnoses of behavior disorders and substance abuse in 12th grade. The positive association between risk and adolescent psychopathology was not buffered by adolescent activity involvement. Overall, these findings suggest that involvement in organized activities may contribute to lower levels of externalizing psychopathology during high school even when controlling for prior psychopathology. 相似文献
50.
Ladislav Tondl 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2001,32(2):307-327
The presented paper substantiates the principle that values are an immanent component of science and any rational cognitive
activity. This principle belongs to the European cultural tradition starting from the book of Genesis of the Old Testament,
the values of certainty in the antique Greek philosophy and Francis Bacon's coincidence of knowledge and power. Values in
science form complicated structures inconnection with different types of knowledge including “the knowledge that”, empirical
evidence, various types of generalizations or rules, methods, directions, algorithms, “the knowledge how”, “the knowledge
why” or other types of knowledge. Since the assignments of different types of values are the products of a decision-making,
it is useful to distinguish many types of decision-making, especially semantic decision-making, information decision-making
and decision-making with distinctly pragmatic dimensions. The values assignable to scientific activities and their results
also include their social recognition, respect and prestige granted to knowledge and bearers of knowledge by society and social
groups or communities. Knowledge generation and the rational and justified application of the achieved and acceptable impacts
are also connected with decision-making procedures, values and criteria of social acceptance.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献