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121.
Low well-being is common among Chinese pregnant women but few effective interventions currently exist to improve prenatal stress and negative emotions. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has been proved to be effective in reducing stress and rarely studies were focused on Chinese pregnant women. The aim of the current paper is to investigate the effects of 8-week MBSR on prenatal stress, anxiety and depression among Chinese pregnant women. A sample of 66 pregnant women randomly allocated into either the MBSR group (n=34) or the control group (n=32). Participants in the MBSR group received a group 8-week, 90-min each time intervention. The results found a significant interaction between time and condition for prenatal stress (F=45.51, p<0.001, η 2=0.427), anxiety (F=19.30, p<0.001, η 2=0.240), while depression showed no time-by-group interaction (F=0.29, p=0.589, η 2=0.005). As for the sub-scale of state anxiety, while there was only no time effect (F=3.68, p=0.060, η 2=0.057). The findings of this study preliminary indicated effects of the MBSR intervention on self-reported prenatal stress and anxiety in comparison to a treatment-as-usual control. Effect on depression was not observed may due to the low level of depression of participants. This study provides preliminary evidence that MBSR is suitable for Chinese pregnant women and be effective in decreasing prenatal stress, anxiety. 相似文献
122.
In discrete aiming movements the task criteria of time-minimization to a spatial target (e.g., Fitts, 1954) and time-matching to a spatial-temporal goal (e.g., Schmidt et al., 1979) tend to produce different functions of the speed-accuracy trade-off. Here we examined whether the task-related movement speed-accuracy characteristics were due to differential space-time trade-offs in time-matching, velocity-matching and time-minimizing task goals. Twenty participants performed 100 aiming trials for each of 15 combinations of task-type (3) and space-time condition (5). The prevalence of the primary types of sub-movement (none, pre-peak, post-peak, undershooting and overshooting) was determined from the kinematics of the movement trajectory. There were comparable distributions of trajectory sub-movement profiles and space-time movement outcomes across the three tasks at the short movement duration that became increasingly dissimilar over decreasing movement velocity and increasing movement time conditions. Movement time was the most influential variable in mediating sub-movement characteristics and the spatial/temporal outcome accuracy and variability of discrete aiming tasks – a role that was magnified in the explicit task demands of time-matching. The time-matching and time-minimization task goals in discrete aiming induce qualitatively different control processes that progressively contribute beyond the minimal time conditions to task-specific space-time accuracy and variability characteristics of the respective movement speed-accuracy functions. 相似文献
123.
Ruy J. G. B. de Queiroz 《Studia Logica》2008,90(2):211-247
The intention here is that of giving a formal underpinning to the idea of ‘meaning-is-use’ which, even if based on proofs,
it is rather different from proof-theoretic semantics as in the Dummett–Prawitz tradition. Instead, it is based on the idea
that the meaning of logical constants are given by the explanation of immediate consequences, which in formalistic terms means
the effect of elimination rules on the result of introduction rules, i.e. the so-called reduction rules. For that we suggest
an extension to the Curry– Howard interpretation which draws on the idea of labelled deduction, and brings back Frege’s device
of variable-abstraction to operate on the labels (i.e., proof-terms) alongside formulas of predicate logic.
Presented by Heinrich Wansing 相似文献
124.
Those found liable for negligently injuring others are required to compensate them, but current practices permit most tort
feasors to spread the costs of their liability burdens through the purchase of insurance. Those found guilty of criminal offences,
however, are not allowed to shift the burdens of their sentences onto others. Yet the reasons for not allowing criminal offenders
to shift such burdens – harm reduction, retribution, and moral education – also appear to retain some force in relation to
negligent tort feasors. Arguments for and against limiting the abilities of negligent tort feasors to spread such costs, thus
imposing a penalty on them, are discussed. The conclusion reached is that further consideration of such a penalty is warranted.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
125.
Practice not only affects how information is processed, but also which information is processed. The Information-Reduction
Hypothesis (i.e. Haider & Frensch, 1996) holds that — with practice — irrelevant task information (i.e. information that is
not logically needed to correctly perform the task) is discarded from processing. Recently, Gaschler and Frensch (2007) have
demonstrated that Information Reduction is not affected by the frequency with which individual task configurations are presented:
well-practiced and little-practiced irrelevant task configurations are discarded at the same point in time during practice;
Information Reduction is thus an item-general phenomenon. These findings suggest that Information Reduction is at least in
part a consequence of top-down, voluntary control. In the present research, we ask how tasks can be constructed such that
Information Reduction is avoided. Our results show that item-general Information Reduction is observed even when it leads
to severe processing costs (i.e. errors). On the whole, the present results are in line with models of skill acquisition incorporating
top-down modulation (e.g. Haider & Frensch, 2002) and are incompatible with purely data-driven accounts of skill acquisition
(e.g. Logan, 1988; Nosofski & Palmeri, 1997; Palmeri, 1997; Rickard, 2004). 相似文献
126.
Choice between reliable and unreliable reinforcement alternatives revisited: Preference for unreliable reinforcement 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
Pigeons' choices between a reliable alternative that always provided food after a delay (i.e., 100% reinforcement) and an unreliable one that provided food or blackout equally often after a delay (i.e., 50% reinforcement) was studied using a discrete-trials concurrent-chains procedure modified to prevent choice between alternatives following a blackout outcome. Initial links were fixed-ratio 1 schedules, and terminal links were fixed-time schedules. Stimuli presented during the terminal-link delays were correlated with the food and blackout outcomes. In Experiment 1, terminal-link durations were varied. With short terminal links (i.e., 10 s), 6 of 8 subjects showed strong preference for the 50% side. As terminal-link duration increased to 30 s, preference, regardless of direction, became less extreme. In Experiment 2, the side-key location of the 50% and 100% alternatives was reversed for 3 subjects. Preference for the 50% alternative reoccurred following the key reversal. When a 5-s separation was subsequently interposed between the initial and terminal links for both alternatives, all birds reversed to a preference for the 100% side. In general, the strong preference for the 50% side was qualitatively consistent with the expectation that the procedure enhanced the conditioned-reinforcement effectiveness of the food-associated terminal-link stimulus on the 50% side. Implications of the results for various accounts of choice of the 50% alternative are discussed. 相似文献
127.
Twenty-nine highly angry subjects who obtained high scores on Spielberger's Trait component of State-Trait Anger Scale went through a thought-listing procedure to determine their negative self-statements in response to high, medium, and low anger-arousing situations. It was found that subjects made more negative self-statements in response to a high anger-arousing situation compared to the medium and low anger-arousing situations. The subjects were divided into four groups. Subjects in one group were trained to reduce their negative thoughts, subjects in a second group were trained to meditate, subjects in the third group were asked to imagine the high anger-arousing situations (placebo procedure), and subjects in the fourth group were given no treatment. It was found that the subjects in the Negative-thought-reduction, Meditation and Placebo groups showed improvement in trait anger, anger aroused through high-anger situations, anger scores across a wide variety of situations, unconstructive coping, and anger measured through physiological symptoms. The gains made through intervention were maintained at a 6-week follow-up. The No-treatment Group showed no significant change in anger scores across a wide variety of situations, unconstructive coping, and physiological symptom scores but showed a small but significant improvement in trait anger and in anger aroused by high-anger situations. 相似文献
128.
Reductions in shock frequency and response effort as factors in reinforcement by timeout from avoidance 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
Rats' presses on one lever canceled shocks programmed after variable cycles, while presses on a second lever occasionally produced a 2-min timout during which the shock-delection schedule was suspended and its correlated stimuli removed. These concurrent schedules of avoidance and timeout were embedded in a multiple schedule whose components differed, within and across conditions, in terms of the programmed shock rate associated with the shock-deletion schedule. Analyses based on the generalized matching law suggest that the reduction in the response requirement correlated with termination of the avoidance schedule was a more important factor in the reinforcing effectiveness of timeout than was shock-frequency reduction, at least in 2 of 3 rats. After training in each condition, responding on the timeout lever was extinguished by withholding timeouts in both components over seven sessions. Resistance to extinction varied directly with the rates of both shock-frequency reduction and avoidance-response reduction experienced during training. Although reduction in response effort appeared to dominate shock-frequency reduction in the maintenance of responding, neither factor had a clear advantage in predicting the course of extinction. 相似文献
129.
The relative immediacy of reinforcement in concurrent-chain schedules was varied while the relative reduction in the overall average time to reinforcement associated with terminal-link entry was held constant. For each of four pigeons, choice did not vary with relative immediacy of reinforcement. Subsequently, choice by the same subjects was shown to be sensitive to relative reduction in average time to reinforcement. 相似文献
130.
Kendall SB 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1975,24(3):311-314
Pigeons were trained in three conditions. In the baseline condition, the birds responded on a fixed-interval schedule with the response key white. When the interval was completed, the key turned either red or green for a delay interval that was terminated by a grain presentation dependent on no key pecks during the final 2 sec. In the uncertainty condition, no grain was presented at the end of the delay periods when the key was red. In the certainty condition, the white light appeared only on occasions when pecking would turn the key green and produce food. Otherwise, the key was illuminated red throughout the total time period. The highest response rate in white occurred in the uncertainty condition, the next highest in the certainty condition, and the lowest in baseline. The results suggest that uncertainty facilitated responding, although uncertainty is not a necessary condition for conditioned reinforcement. 相似文献