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781.
Attention to low- and high-spatial frequencies in categorizing facial identities, emotions and gender in children with autism 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Deruelle C Rondan C Salle-Collemiche X Bastard-Rosset D Da Fonséca D 《Brain and cognition》2008,66(2):115-123
This study was aimed at investigating face categorization strategies in children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). Performance of 17 children with ASD was compared to that of 17 control children in a face-matching task, including hybrid faces (composed of two overlapping faces of different spatial bandwidths) and either low- or high-pass filtered faces. Participants were asked to match faces on the basis of identity, emotion or gender. Results revealed that children with ASD used the same strategies as controls when matching faces by gender. By contrast, in the identity and the emotion conditions, children with ASD showed a high-pass bias (i.e., preference for local information), contrary to controls. Consistent with previous studies on autism, these findings suggest that children with ASD do use atypical (local-oriented) strategies to process faces. 相似文献
782.
Antje Haselbacher Manfred E. Beutel Falk Leichsenring Dr. med. Dipl.-Psych. Jörg Wiltink 《Psychotherapeut》2008,53(3):168-176
Social anxiety is characterised by overwhelming fears in social interactions or performance situations. Its life-time prevalence is high (about 13%) and relapses are quite common. Social anxiety disorder is a chronic disease with a high impairment for the persons afflicted. Cognitive-behavioural, psychodynamic and neurobiological models have promising implications for psychotherapy and pharmacological treatment. Neurobiological approaches have identified risk factors and possible somatic mechanisms. Cognitive-behavioural models explain the development of dysfunctional beliefs and the maintenance of social anxiety. Psychodynamic approaches refer to a disturbed self-concept and underline the importance of prior negative interpersonal relationships. Manualised treatments exist for the cognitive-behavioural approach and a manual for psychodynamic psychotherapy was recently developed. This paper presents the different approaches (neurobiological, cognitive-behavioural, psychodynamic) to social anxiety disorder and possible implications for therapy are discussed. 相似文献
783.
Harvey DR McGauran AM Murphy J Burns L McMonagle E Commins S 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2008,89(4):462-479
From insects to humans, successful navigation relies on retained representations of spatial relations. These representations are thought to depend on the hippocampal formation, particularly those that are independent of the navigator (allocentric representations). The Morris water maze is a simple and popular task often used to assess spatial navigation. But how animals navigate toward and retain information regarding the location of the goal in this task remains unclear. We provide a comprehensive account of how the water maze is accomplished behaviourally. Our findings suggest that animals solve the task using distal cues via an initial view-matching strategy that is supported by egocentric guidance. Through increased training, however, an emergence of an egocentric-guiding strategy combined with the animal’s greater ability to infer the hidden platform’s location (via allocentric extrapolation) emerges. We also demonstrate that behavioural changes, towards a more allocentric strategy, are reflected in increases in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor. 相似文献
784.
In both humans and rodents, males typically excel on a number of tasks requiring spatial ability. However, human females exhibit
advantages in memory for the spatial location of objects. This study investigated whether rats would exhibit similar sex differences
on a task of object location memory (OLM) and on the watermaze (WM). We predicted that females should outperform males on
the OLM task and that males should outperform females on the WM. To control for possible effects of housing environment, rats
were housed in either complex environments or in standard shoebox housing. Eighty Long-Evans rats (40 males and 40 females)
were housed in either complex (Complex rats) or standard shoebox housing (Control rats). Results indicated that males had
superior performance on the WM, whereas females outperformed males on the OLM task, regardless of housing environment. As
these sex differences cannot be easily attributed to differences in cognitive style related to linguistic processing of environmental
features or to selection pressures related to the hunting gathering evolutionary prehistory of humans, these data suggest
that sex differences in spatial ability may be related to traits selected for by polygynous mating strategies. 相似文献
785.
John B. Berthrong 《Dao》2008,7(4):423-435
Du Weiming (Tu Weiming) has assisted in defining the New Confucian movement, a philosophical discourse that depends on axiological themes
and traits based on an exegesis and defense of the revival and reform of traditional Confucian discourse inherited from the
Classical and Neo-Confucian waves in East Asia. Thomas A. Metzger’s discussion of the profound difference between modern Western
post-Enlightenment discourse and New Confucian discourse challenges many of Du’s primary assumptions. My conclusion is that
Du is both a citizen of the modern Western academy and a Confucian public intellectual dedicated to mediating the great debate
that now spans the Pacific ocean between the West and a revived East Asian cultural complex, including New Confucianism as
a major dialogue partner at the beginning of the new millennium by continuing the historic Confucian commitment to a theory
of values. 相似文献
786.
Spatial reorientation in large and small enclosures: comparative and developmental perspectives 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Several vertebrate species, including humans, following passive spatial disorientation appear to be able to reorient themselves
by making use of the geometric shape of the environment (i.e., metric properties of surfaces and directional sense). In some
circumstances, reliance on such purely geometric information can overcome the use of local featural cues (landmarks). The
relative use of geometric and non-geometric information seems to depend upon, among other factors, the size of the experimental
space. Evidence in non-human animals and in human infants for primacy in encoding either geometric or landmark information
depending on the size of the environment is reviewed, together with possible theoretical accounts of this phenomenon. 相似文献
787.
788.
It has been suggested that young children can only reorient, locating a target object, when the geometry of an enclosed space provides distinctive shape information [e.g., Hermer, L., & Spelke, E. (1994). A geometric process for spatial reorientation in young children. Nature, 370, 57-59]. Recently, however, young children were shown to specify location in a square-shaped space, where geometry is uninformative, so long as scale-like information was available on the walls of the space [Huttenlocher, J., & Lourenco, S. F. (2007a). Coding location in enclosed spaces: Is geometry the principle? Developmental Science, 10, 741-746]. Here we build on this work by examining more closely what types of cues afford 18- to 24-month-olds an advantage in locating a target object following disorientation. Their performance was assessed when linear scale-like information was presented either in isolation or in composite form. It was found that, even in isolation, young children searched at the appropriate locations, with added benefit when presented as a composite. We suggest that linear scale-like dimensions, especially when available in composite form, play a critical role in supporting location representation in young children. 相似文献
789.
790.
Sex segregation (the separation of boys and girls into same-sex groups in their friendships and casual encounters; [Thorne, B., & Luria, Z. (1986). Sexuality and gender in children’s daily worlds. Social Problems, 33, 176–190]), has typically been viewed as a childhood phenomenon. In the present paper, we review research that suggests the phenomenon of sex segregation persists across the life span. We draw from a social-constructionist model to synthesize literature documenting sex segregation in friendships and aspects of individuals’ socio-cultural contexts in childhood, adolescence, and early and later adulthood. We consider developmental continuities in mechanisms that may be associated with sex segregation, including behavioral compatibility, communication styles, third-party resistance to other-sex relationships, and institutional barriers to other-sex relationships. We discuss how these factors may, through a reciprocal process, contribute to and result from sex segregation. Finally, we offer recommendations for future research. 相似文献