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151.
Do We Know Where We Stand? Neighborhood Relative Income,Subjective Social Status,and Health 下载免费PDF全文
Amanda L. Roy Erin B. Godfrey Jason R.D. Rarick 《American journal of community psychology》2016,57(3-4):448-458
Bridging research on relative income and subjective social status (SSS), this study examines how neighborhood relative income is related to ones' SSS, and in turn, physical and mental health. Using a survey sample of 1807 U.S. adults, we find that neighborhood median income significantly moderates the relationship between household income and self‐reported physical and mental health. Low‐income individuals living in high‐income neighborhoods (i.e., relative disadvantage) report better physical and mental health than low‐income individuals living in low‐income neighborhoods. In addition, high‐income individuals living in low‐income neighborhoods (i.e., relative advantage) report higher SSS (relative to neighbors), whereas low‐income individuals living in high‐income neighborhoods (i.e., relative disadvantage) also report higher SSS. We draw from social comparison theory to interpret these results positing that downward comparisons may serve an evaluative function while upward comparisons may result in affiliation with better‐off others. Finally, we demonstrate that SSS explains the relationship between neighborhood relative income and health outcomes, providing empirical support for the underlying influence of perceived social position. 相似文献
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Retributive justice theory has suggested two processes by which punishment is psychologically satisfying to victims of injustice: leveling the power imbalance caused by the transgression and revalidating social consensus over the importance of the rules, norms, and values violated by the offense. The current investigation proposes a third symbolic function that has not yet been identified as a psychological consequence of punishment: confirmation of the victim's membership status in the group (i.e., intragroup standing or respect). Three studies identified perceptions of intragroup membership status as following from third-party punishment, partly explaining the effect of punishment on a victim's group identification. Study 1 showed that, following the experience of an injustice, punishment prevented perceived membership status threats from resulting in victim disidentification. Study 2 showed that third-party desires to punish increased subsequent identification by symbolically communicating the ingroup's regard for the victim, even when the offender did not actually suffer the effects of third-party sanctions. Finally, Study 3 showed that punishment only implied membership status when the act of punishment was instigated by an ingroup authority and was thus identity-relevant. Taken together, these studies offer the first examination of membership status as a relevant concern underlying retributive justice. 相似文献
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Much research has demonstrated that speeding is the most common offense among car drivers. However, few studies have focused on this offense among drivers of large trucks. This paper investigates the factors that lead to speeding offenses for drivers of large trucks in Taiwan. The study sample consisted of information for 2101 male large-truck drivers from a national survey in 2012. The results revealed that drivers’ daily working hours ranged from 2 to 15 h with a mean of 9.67 h, and that they worked for approximately 25.23 days – and rested only 4.77 days – per month. Among these observed drivers, 11.6% reported having at least one speeding offense over a one-year period. The results of a logistic regression model presented that the factors that influenced speeding offense were not related to job experience. Rather, the driver’s demographics (age and education), mental condition (sleep quality), and driving status (yearly distance driven and driving late at night) were significantly linked to speeding offenses. 相似文献
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本研究从北京市两所普通中学的初一到高二年级中选取了1090名中学生为被试,采用问卷调查的方式,要求他们分别报告父亲和母亲的主、客观监控水平和监控手段(控制、沟通和搜寻),以探讨我国青少年父母监控的现状。经过(2)卡方检验、相关分析t、检验和方差分析,结果表明:(1)总体来讲,母亲在家庭里是青少年的主要监控者:母亲监控的客观水平高于父亲,并且母亲使用三种监控手段的情况均多于父亲;(2)女孩受到的父母监控超过男孩:母亲对女孩的客观监控水平高于男孩,并且母亲对女孩更多使用沟通手段;父母对女孩使用控制手段的情况超过男孩;(3)父母监控的年级差异并不明显,只有父母对初一学生会更多使用沟通手段;(4)父母对沟通手段和控制手段的使用都与客观监控水平呈正相关,但与主观监控水平呈负相关,而搜寻手段使用与监控水平之间的关系则跟沟通、控制手段相反;沟通手段对客观监控水平的正向预测力最强,搜寻手段对主观监控水平的正向预测力最强。 相似文献
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This paper examined how individual group status and happiness influence forgiveness. In Study 1, happiness was treated as a trait difference: highly happy people, compared with very unhappy people, were found to be more willing to forgive murderers. More important, an interaction effect between happiness and group status on forgiveness was found, that is, highly happy people tended to be more forgiving when either ingroup or outgroup members were killed; unhappy people, however, tended to be less forgiving about murder when ingroup rather than outgroup members were killed. In Study 2, happiness was treated as an emotional state difference: happiness, rather than sadness, was found to bring greater forgiveness. Moreover, consistent with the interaction effect displayed in Study 1, happy participants tended to forgive more when ingroup or outgroup members were hurt; sad participants tended to forgive less when ingroup members rather than outgroup members were hurt. Implications for connections between happiness, group membership, and forgiveness are discussed. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT— Status differences are ubiquitous and highly consequential. Yet with regard to human social groups, basic questions persist about how status differences develop. In particular, little is known about the processes by which individuals pursue status in social groups. That is, how do individuals compete and jockey for status with their peers? The current paper reviews recent research that helps fill this gap in our knowledge. Specifically, studies of a variety of face-to-face groups show that individuals pursue status by enhancing the apparent value they provide to their group. Individuals compete for status not by bullying and intimidating others, as some theorists have proposed, but by behaving in ways that suggest high levels of competence, generosity, and commitment to the group. 相似文献