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881.
C.M. Johnson 《Animal cognition》2001,3(4):167-183
A model of "distributed cognition" is contrasted with the "mental representation" model exemplified by Tomasello and Call's Primate Cognition. Rather than using behavior as a basis for inferences to invisible mental events such as intentions, the distributed approach
treats communicative interactions as, themselves, directly observable cognitive events. Similar to a Vygotskian approach,
this model characterizes cognition as "co-constructed" by the participants. This approach is thus particularly suitable for
studying primates (including humans), whose reliance on multiparty negotiations can undermine the researcher's ability to
extrapolate from observable outcomes back to individual intentions. Detailed (e.g., frame-by-frame) analyses of such interactions
reveal cross-species differences in the relevant media of information flow (e.g., behavioral coordination, relative gaze)
as well as in the flexibility and complexity of the trajectories observed. Plus, with its focus on dynamics, the distributed
approach is especially useful for modeling developmental and evolutionary processes. In discussing enculturation and the ontogeny
of imitation, its emphasis is on changes in how expert and novice participate in such events, rather than how either may represent
them. Primate cognitive evolution is seen as involving changes in context sensitivity, multi-tasking, and the coordination
of social attention. Humans in particular – in, especially, the context of teaching – are seen as having specialized in linking
co-perception with the refined sensory-motor coordination that enables them to translate observed behavior into strategically
similar action. Highlighting the continuity between human and nonhuman development, this promising, complementary model enables
us to tap the richness of micro-ethology as a cognitive science.
Accepted after revision: 7 January 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
882.
The objective of the present study was to provide a further validation of the Crisis Support Scale, which is a short scale for measuring social support after a crisis has occurred. The data from eleven trauma studies of 4213 subjects were used to investigate the psychometric properties of the scale and the differences that emerge due to age, gender, and type of trauma. The scale appears to be very robust. Some aspects of crisis support seem to decrease as time goes by while others increase. Women survivors report less support than men both right after the trauma and later on. The younger survivors tend to report the least support in the acute phase although this picture is reversed later on. The various types of trauma have different item profiles, which supports the concurrent validity of the scale. 相似文献
883.
Can competitive paradigms increase the validity of experiments on primate social cognition? 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0
Brian Hare 《Animal cognition》2001,4(3-4):269-280
Experiments vary in their ability to distinguish between competing hypotheses. In tests on primate cognition the majority
of this variation is due to an experimenter's ability to test primates in valid settings while providing the adequate amount
of experimental control. While experimenters studying primate cognition can use methods of control perfected in captivity,
it is still very unclear how to design and then objectively evaluate the external validity of new experimental paradigms.
I recommend that more effort be allocated to specify how to create relevant test settings for primates. Primate social life
is highly competitive. This means that all aspects of primates themselves, including their cognitive abilities, have likely
been shaped by the need to out-compete conspecifics. Based on this hypothesis, sophisticated cognitive abilities of primates
might best be demonstrated in competitive contexts. Thus, it is suggested that one possible measure of validity is whether
investigators integrate a competitive component into their experimental designs. To evaluate this methodological prediction
I review the literature on chimpanzee perspective-taking as a case study including several recent studies that include a competitive
component in their experimental designs.
Accepted after revision: 8 April 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
884.
家庭居住与机构居住老年人社会支持的比较研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以65位家庭居住和92位机构居住的老年人为样本,采用Sherbourne和Stewart的MOS社会支持问卷和自编社会支持问卷调查了老年人的社会支持现状,比较了家庭居住与机构居住老年人社会支持的不同特点。结果发现:(1)家庭居住和机构居住老年人在社会支持维度上存在显著差异:在心理支持、行为支持、活动支持等维度上,机构居住的老年人显著高于家庭居住的老年人;而在感情支持维度上家庭居住的老年人显著高于机构居住的老年人。(2)社会支持对老年人的身心健康具有显著影响。(3)性别,年龄,教育水平,职业状况,婚姻状况,子女数量,健在兄弟姐妹数量等人口统计变量对不同居住背景老年人的社会支持有显著影响。 相似文献
885.
M. Albert 《Synthese》2007,156(3):587-603
Probability theory is important because of its relevance for decision making, which also means: its relevance for the single
case. The propensity theory of objective probability, which addresses the single case, is subject to two problems: Humphreys’
problem of inverse probabilities and the problem of the reference class. The paper solves both problems by restating the propensity
theory using (an objectivist version of) Pearl’s approach to causality and probability, and by applying a decision-theoretic
perspective. Contrary to a widely held view, decision making on the basis of given propensities can proceed without a subjective-probability
supplement to propensities. 相似文献
886.
We examined the relationships between three dimensions of familism: importance of family, family support, and family conflict
with acculturation, assessed orthogonally (Mexican and American cultural contributions assessed independently), and the relative
contribution these factors make to psychological adjustment among 248 (124 women, 124 men) adults of Mexican origin. After
controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, positive associations were found between importance of family and the biculturalism
of Mexican and American cultural identity; family support and Mexican cultural identity; but no associations between family
conflict and level of acculturation. Psychological well-being was positively associated with Mexican cultural identity and
family support, whereas psychological distress was associated with greater family conflict and lower family support. The greater
relative contribution of Mexican cultural identity to familism and well-being, and the importance of assessing acculturation
orthogonally are discussed.
This research was supported in part by a Minority Supplement to National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH47193 to the Research
Center on the Psychobiology of Ethnicity, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and by a research award from Pitzer College to Norma
Rodriguez. 相似文献
887.
The relationship between self-reported received and perceived social support: A meta-analytic review
Social support is broad term encompassing a variety of constructs, including support perceptions (perceived support) and receipt
of supportive behaviors (received support). Of these constructs, only perceived support has been regarded as consistently
linked to health, and researchers have offered differing assessments of the strength of the received-perceived support relationship.
An overall estimate of the received-perceived support relationship would clearly further the dialogue on the relationship
between received and perceived support and thus assist in the theoretical development of the field. This study evaluated all
available studies using the Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors (ISSB; Barrera, Sandler, & Ramsey, 1981, American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 435–447) and any measure of perceived social support. Using effect sizes from 23 studies, we found an average correlation
of r = .35, p < .001. Implications of this estimate for further development of models of social support as well as interventions to enhance
social support are discussed. 相似文献
888.
A systems framework for understanding social settings 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this paper, we argue that attempts to change social settings have been hindered by lack of theoretical advances in understanding key aspects of social settings and how they work in a dynamic system. We present a systems framework for understanding youths' social settings. We focus on three aspects of settings that represent intervention targets: social processes (i.e., patterns of transactions between two or more people or groups of people), resources (i.e., human, economic, physical, temporal resources), and organization of resources (i.e., how resources are arranged and allocated). We postulate that these setting aspects are in dynamic transaction with each other, resulting in setting outcomes. Discussion focuses on the implications of our theoretical framework for setting intervention. 相似文献
889.
Sandler J 《American journal of community psychology》2007,40(3-4):272-289
This paper critically reviews two diverse intellectual traditions concerned with community-based interventions: the literature on dissemination of community interventions and the critical psychology literature that is concerned with systemic power inequalities and structural injustice. The dominant dissemination-of-innovations framework has shifted toward an emphasis on community, yet it does not generally take into account issues of power and inequality within the diverse community spheres into which interventions are disseminated. On the other hand, critical psychologists, who have concerned themselves with both understanding and addressing issues of power and structural injustice, have tended to eschew the possibility of standardizing and making transferable practices, programs, and even processes that address these issues in particular settings. This paper traces and critiques both sides of this divide within community psychology, positing a framework to bring these diverse intellectual resources together so that community interventions might fruitfully be examined in terms of their community-based practices, or practices that bear on structural injustice. This framework is illustrated with a case study of the community-based practices of a widely disseminated evidence-based community intervention. 相似文献
890.
Research has shown that cognitive processes like the attribution of hostile intention or angry emotion to others contribute
to the development and maintenance of conduct problems. However, the role of memory has been understudied in comparison with
attribution biases. The aim of this study was thus to test if a memory bias for angry faces was related to conduct problems
in youth. Adolescents from a junior secondary school were presented with angry and happy faces and were later asked to recognize
the same faces with a neutral expression. They also completed an impulsivity questionnaire. A teacher assessed their behavior.
The results showed that a better recognition of angry faces than happy faces predicted conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention
as reported by the teacher. The memory bias effect was more pronounced for impulsive adolescents. It is suggested that a memory
bias for angry faces favors disruptive behavior but that a good ability to control impulses may moderate the negative impact
of this bias. 相似文献