文本信息加工中的知识结构的测量

知识结构是信息加工中各类信息在记忆系统中的组织结构的反映。为更好地表征和分析知识结构,研究者从教育科学技术和计算机技术的角度发展出一系列的研究方法和测量工具,包括潜在语义分析、心理模型分析和语义聚合分析。研究者可以结合具体情况选用合适的测量工具。而如何实现眼动、功能性成像数据与当前的测量相结合,则需要研究者在未来的工作中展开进一步探讨。     

全视野汉字词义联想的ERP特征与汉字认识的ERP甄别

实验刺激模式为“预备信号纯音－屏幕呈现一个提示字一屏幕呈现一个操作字”。令被试者用操作字联想出另一个字以组成词,并口述之。实验组依联想性质分为具体与抽象二项,另进行一项对照实验。每项实验的操作字皆分为认识与不认识两类,脑电记录点为Ｆｚ,Ｃｚ,Ｐｚ,Ｐ３－Ｔ５中点,Ｐ４－Ｔ６中点,主要观察到：（１）词义联想引起Ｐ３与正慢波（ＰＳＷ）波幅增大。（２）不认识字联想可导致ＰＳＷ波幅极显著地增大和潜伏期极显著地延长,（３）无论汉字是否认识,对照组ＰＳＷ波幅较两个实验组皆高。（４）从ＰＳＷ中提取出了反映汉字认识与否的纯心理性Ｐ８００成分。（５）对照组的Ｐ８００始潜时较两个实验组皆长,这些实验结果表明,除前人提出的ＰＳＷ具有信息加工完成之认知含义外,ＰＳＷ尚与汉字形音认知、联想等多重信息加工相关,很可能是复合波;汉字的形音义加工间存在着错综复杂的关系,难以分割;在本实验条件下可使用ＰＳＷ或Ｐ８００成分作为甄别汉字是否认识的客观标志。     

Position of compression garment around the knee affects healthy adults’ knee joint position sense acuity

Athletes use compression garments (CGs) to improve sport performance, accelerate rehabilitation from knee injuries or to enhance joint position sense (JPS). The position of CGs around the knee may affect knee JPS but the data is inconsistent. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of CG position on healthy adults’ knee joint position sense acuity. In a counterbalanced, single-blinded study, 16 healthy young adults (8 female, age: 25.5 y) performed an active knee joint position-matching task with and without (CON) a below-knee (BK), above-knee (AK), or whole-knee (WK) CG in a randomized order on the dominant (CompDom) or the non-dominant leg (CompNon-Dom). We also determined the magnitude of tissue compression by measuring anatomical thigh and calf cross sectional area (CSA) in standing using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Subjects had less absolute repositioning error (magnitude of error) in BK compared with CON condition. On the other hand, the analysis of the direction of error (constant error) revealed that in each condition subjects tended to underestimate the target position (AK, BK and CON: 75%; WK: 94%). In WK condition there was a significantly larger negative error (−2.7 ± 3.4) as compared with CON (−1.6 ± 3.7) condition. There also was less variable error, in WK compared to BK and CON conditions, indicating less variability in their position sense using a WK CG, regardless of the underestimation. CG reduced thigh CSA by 4.5 cm² or 3% and calf CSA by Δ1.3 cm² or 1%. The position of CG relative to the knee modifies knee JPS. The findings helps us better understand how the application of a WK CG may support athletic activities.     

Interpersonal process in psychotherapy through the lens of the structural analysis of social behavior

As psychotherapy research focuses more and more on mechanisms of therapeutic change, increased attention has naturally been directed at therapy process. Over the past several decades, a variety of researchers have successfully applied Benjamin's 1974 Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) to the study of in-session psychotherapy events. This system for conceptualizing and analyzing interpersonal and intrapsychic processes has been shown to provide theoretically rigorous and empirically tractable instantiations of both helpful and hindering therapeutic exchanges. In this article the therapeutic alliance is conceived in terms of interpersonal processes as demarcated according to the SASB. This article also provides a review of SASB's wide-ranging applications to observing and studying the therapeutic relationship, therapy process, and client outcome. Also discussed are several data analytic and methodological considerations related to the SASB model and several new ancillary measures based on the SASB. Finally, the applied and clinical utility of the SASB system is discussed in light of a variety of contemporary empirical findings.     

What is an Empirical Analysis of Causation?

Philosophical accounts of causation have traditionally been framed as attempts to analyze the concept of a cause. In recent years, however, a number of philosophers have proposed instead that causation be empirically reduced to some relation uncovered by the natural sciences: e.g., a relation of energy transfer. This paper argues that the project of empirical analysis lacks a clearly defined methodology, leaving it uncertain how such views are to be evaluated. It proposes several possible accounts of empirical analysis and argues that the most promising approach would treat it as a contingent identity discovered by identifying the relation (or relations) that most nearly approximate the inferential role of causal concepts in a psychological theory of causal judgment.     

How did compulsory personal therapy during counselling training influence personal and professional development?

Aim: This study explored the influence of personal therapy on professional and personal development in a qualitative investigation. Method: Six semi‐structured interviews were conducted and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Findings: All participants recognised the important influence of personal therapy on personal growth. Influences on personal development were experienced in the physical, cognitive, emotional and spiritual worlds of participants. It was felt that skills, a better understanding of therapeutic relationships, and general support, enhanced professional development. Conclusion: In combination this can lead to an increase in self‐awareness and thus a more effective professionalism in counsellors.     

Analyse des pratiques professionnelles en formation initiale des enseignants : dispositifs et retentissements

The present paper deals with an analysis of professional practices in initial teacher education. We prove how some characteristics of the system, depending on the nature of the proposed protocol or the size of the group, modify the nature of the reflexive work, as well as the perception of the interests and relevance of this kind of system. In order to do so, we rely on a survey precising the main effects and consequences of these systems on the trainee teacher's representations of their professional acts and identity development.     

Using an Example Statement Increases Information but Does Not Increase Accuracy of CBCA,RM, and SCAN

Verbal credibility assessment methods are frequently used in the criminal justice system to investigate the truthfulness of statements. Three of these methods are Criteria Based Content Analysis (CBCA), Reality Monitoring (RM), and Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN). The aim of this study is twofold. First, we investigated the diagnostic accuracy of CBCA, RM, and especially SCAN. Second, we tested whether giving the interviewee an example of a detailed statement can enhance the diagnostic accuracy of these verbal credibility methods. To test the latter, two groups of participants were requested to write down one true and one fabricated statement about a negative event. Prior to this request, one group received a detailed example statement, whereas the other group received no additional information. Results showed that CBCA and RM scores differed between true and fabricated statements, whereas SCAN scores did not. Giving a detailed example statement did not lead to better discrimination between truth tellers and liars for any of the methods but did lead to the participants producing significantly longer statements. The implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Is the Third‐Person Effect Real? A Critical Examination of Rationales,Testing Methods,and Previous Findings of the Third‐Person Effect on Censorship Attitudes

Regarding the effect of the third‐person perception on censorship attitudes, the present study first highlighted logical weaknesses of previously proposed rationales and limitations of previously used statistical models to test the effect. This study reanalyzed data from past research on the effect of the third‐person perception. In Study 1, the average effects of the other‐self perceptual gap in the media influence on censorship attitudes were estimated based on reports from 13 previous studies (total N = 6,414). Study 2 reanalyzed Schmierbach, Boyle, Xu, and McLeod's (2011) correlational data (N = 692). The results of these two studies showed that the presumed effect on others is a stronger predictor of censorship attitudes than the other‐self differential in perceived media effect.     

基于潜在类别分析的6~15岁儿童平衡秤任务认知规则探索

本研究使用自编平衡秤测验测试468名6~15岁儿童,通过潜在类别分析对认知规则进行分类。结果发现,被试使用了规则Ⅰ、规则Ⅰ'、规则Ⅱ、补偿规则、规则Ⅳ、距离优势规则等六种规则;6~9岁儿童主要使用规则Ⅰ;10~13岁儿童主要使用补偿规则;14岁以上儿童主要使用规则Ⅳ;13岁到14岁之间,使用规则Ⅳ的儿童数量呈跳跃式增加。与规则评估技术相比,潜在类别分析用于认知规则研究具有明显优势,最后对运用此方法的前提假设与局限进行了讨论。