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171.
利用亲社会性视频游戏和IAT测验,从内隐社会认知的角度研究亲社会性视频游戏对高中生内隐攻击性认知的影响,并分析影响是否具有性别差异和攻击特质差异。结果表明:(1)亲社会性视频游戏对高中生内隐攻击性认知的抑制效应显著;(2)游戏类型和性别对内隐攻击性认知的交互作用显著,亲社会性视频游戏更容易对女生的内隐攻击性认知产生抑制效应;(3)攻击特质对高中生的内隐攻击性认知的主效应显著,并且游戏类型和攻击特质对高中生内隐攻击性认知的交互作用显著,亲社会性视频游戏更容易对低攻击特质学生产生抑制效应。由此可见,亲社会性视频游戏能够有效抑制高中生的内隐攻击性认知水平。 相似文献
172.
为了探讨非反应手对标准Simon任务改装的go/no-go任务的影响,被试只对其中一种颜色进行按键反应,通过指导语来操控非反应手的状态,结果发现:(1)实验一中当不提醒非反应手如何放置时,不会产生Simon效应;(2) 实验二中要求非反应手放在固定的桌面位置上,产生了视觉运动Simon效应,其随反应时的增大而减小;(3) 实验三中要求非反应手放在固定的非反应键上,却产生了认知Simon效应,其随反应时的增大而增大。这说明非反应手的状态影响Simon效应的产生及其性质。 相似文献
173.
以事件相关电位(ERP)技术和语义启动范式,采用同一字判断(靶字延迟反应)作业,考察字形畸变和语境对低频汉字识别的影响。结果发现,无语义启动时,畸变靶字正确率低于清晰靶字;启动效应只体现在畸变时的正确率上。150–300ms窗口,畸变字比清晰字诱发峰值更负的N170;300–500ms时间窗口,不启动条件诱发平均波幅更负的N400,畸变字诱发更大N400。结论是,畸变字诱发的N170成分,在一定程度上反映了字形加工;N400的语义启动效应和畸变效应,扩展Holcomb的研究,并支持语义提取理论。 相似文献
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Neil Francis Delaney 《Philosophical Studies》2008,137(3):335-367
Philosophers from Hart to Lewis, Johnston and Bennett have expressed various degrees of reservation concerning the doctrine
of double effect. A common concern is that, with regard to many activities that double effect is traditionally thought to
prohibit, what might at first look to be a directly intended bad effect is really, on closer examination, a directly intended
neutral effect that is closely connected to a foreseen bad effect. This essay examines the extent to which the commonsense
concept of intention supports a reasonably consistent and coherent application of double effect. Two important conclusions
are these: (1) a number of traditionally proscribed activities involve a kind of “targeting” of innocents that can be taken
to exhibit a direct intention to harm them; (2) a direct intention to harm need not involve a desire to harm in any ordinary
sense of the latter expression.
Thanks to Thomas Flint, Paul Benacerraf, Mark Johnston, Gilbert Harman, Tom Cavanaugh, Jorge Garcia, Robert Audi and an anonymous
referee for useful discussion and written comments. 相似文献
177.
Peter W. Hanks 《Erkenntnis》2008,68(1):129-148
The problem of the source of necessity is the problem of explaining what makes necessary truths necessarily true. Simon Blackburn
has presented a dilemma intended to show that any reductive, realist account of the source of necessity is bound to fail.
Although Blackburn's dilemma faces serious problems, reflection on the form of explanations of necessities reveals that a
revised dilemma succeeds in defeating any reductive account of the source of necessity. The lesson is that necessity is metaphysically
primitive and irreducible.
相似文献
Peter W. HanksEmail: |
178.
The authors examined statistical practices in 193 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychological therapies published in prominent psychology and psychiatry journals during 1999-2003. Statistical significance tests were used in 99% of RCTs, 84% discussed clinical significance, but only 46% considered-even minimally-statistical power, 31% interpreted effect size and only 2% interpreted confidence intervals. In a second study, 42 respondents to an email survey of the authors of RCTs analyzed in the first study indicated they consider it very important to know the magnitude and clinical importance of the effect, in addition to whether a treatment effect exists. The present authors conclude that published RCTs focus on statistical significance tests ("Is there an effect or difference?"), and neglect other important questions: "How large is the effect?" and "Is the effect clinically important?" They advocate improved statistical reporting of RCTs especially by reporting and interpreting clinical significance, effect sizes and confidence intervals. 相似文献
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John Andrew Michael 《Philosophical explorations》2019,22(1):44-61
In the current paper, we present and discuss a series of experiments in which we investigated people’s willingness to ascribe intentions, as well as blame and praise, to groups. The experiments draw upon the so-called “Knobe Effect”. Knobe [2003. “Intentional action and side effects in ordinary language.” Analysis 63: 190–194] found that the positiveness or negativeness of side-effects of actions influences people’s assessment of whether those side-effects were brought about intentionally, and also that people are more willing to assign blame for negative side-effects of actions than they are to assign praise for positive side-effect of actions. Building upon this research, we found evidence that the positiveness or negativeness of side-effects of group actions influences people’s willingness to attribute intentions to groups (Experiment 1a), and that people are more willing to assign blame to groups for negative side-effects of actions than they are to assign praise to groups for positive side-effects of actions (Experiment 1b). We also found evidence (Experiments 2a, 2b, 3 and 4) that the “Group Knobe Effect” persists even when intentions and blame/praise are attributed to groups non-distributively, indicating that people tend not to think of group intentions and group blame/praise in distributive terms. We conclude that the folk are collectivist about group intentions, and also about the blameworthiness and praiseworthiness of groups. 相似文献