Modality-independent impairments in word processing in a deep dyslexic patient

An extensive study of the language abilities of one deep dyslexic patient, B.L., was undertaken. Tests of his ability to comprehend and produce words in the auditory, verbal, and graphic modalities revealed striking similarities in performance across modalities, such that the defining symptoms of deep dyslexic reading also held true for this patient's writing, repetition, and naming. A new dual-deficit model of deep dyslexia is presented which predicts that a variety of “deep dyslexic” syndromes may occur with or without modality-specific impairments.     

Perception of temporally competing speech stimuli in preschool children

The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of competing speech stimuli in 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old normally developing children. A dichotic listening paradigm was used in which the temporal alignment between the two stimuli was varied to represent three levels of competition. Minimal, moderate, and maximal levels of temporal competition were represented by a Separation, Lag, and Simultaneous test condition, respectively. The subjects were behaviorally set to listen for and to report the two stimuli on each trial. The incidence of double correct responses in the test conditions was the measure of interest. The results show a sharp and linear drop in double correct scores from the Separation, to the Lag, and to the Simultaneous condition. There were no age-related differences in the Separation and the Simultaneous conditions. In the Lag condition, the performance of the 3-year-olds was significantly lower than the 4- and 5-year-olds. The findings were interpreted to be indicative of limited auditory processing ability in preschoolers for moderately and maximally competing speech stimuli.     

Individual versus organizational predictors of job satisfaction and turnover among professionals

In a constructive replication and extension of previous research, the relative importance of individual (personality and professional attitudes) versus organizational (professional reward system and tenure) variables in predicting job satisfaction and turnover was investigated for the case of professionals. Support among a sample of computer specialists was found for the notion that, among professionals, individual variables are more important than organizational factors in predicting satisfaction with the work itself; but individual variables often played a major role in satisfaction with contextual aspects of the job as well. Organizational factors were found to be significantly predictive of satisfaction with all aspects of the job, but were the only significant predictors of turnover. Thus the importance of organizational factors over individual factors for professionals was supported more clearly for the behavioral outcome, turnover, than for attitudinal outcomes.     

Decision processes in verifying category membership statements: Implications for models of semantic memory

Current models of semantic memory assume that natural categories are well-defined. Specific predictions of two such models, the Smith, Shoben, and Rips (1974a) two-stage feature comparison model and the Glass and Holyoak (1974/75) ordered search model, were tested and disconfirmed in Experiment I. We propose an alternative model postulating fuzzy categories represented as sets of characteristic properties. This model, combined with a Bayesian decision process, accounts for the results of three additional experiments, as well as for the major findings in the semantic memory literature. We argue that people verify category membership statements by assessing similarity relations between concepts rather than by using information which logically specifies the truth value of the sentence. Our data also imply that natural categories are fuzzy rather than well-defined.     

《吕氏春秋》智力观探析

摘 要 《吕氏春秋》关于智力内涵的诠释大大超过前人,它所描述的“知时”、“知化”、“长见”、“察微”、“贵卒”等智力特征与现代智力理论相契合;它提出的“人同类而智殊”、“小智非大智之类”、“智不遇时则无功”、“人之少也愚,其长也智”等观点,充分体现了中国先秦学者的智慧;它关于通过“自反”、学习促进智力发展的主张,对当今教育依然具有重要的参照价值。《吕氏春秋》的智育定位主要是王道,它较少注意先天因素对智力的影响,这是其局限。关键词 吕氏春秋 智力观 个体差异 智力发展     

Depiction and plastic perception. A critique of Husserl’s theory of picture consciousness

In this paper, I will present an argument against Husserl’s analysis of picture consciousness. Husserl’s analysis of picture consciousness (as it can be found primarily in the recently translated volume Husserliana 23) moves from a theory of depiction in general to a theory of perceptual imagination. Though, I think that Husserl’s thesis that picture consciousness is different from depictive and linguistic consciousness is legitimate, and that Husserl’s phenomenology avoids the errors of linguistic theories, such as Goodman’s, I submit that his overall theory is unacceptable, especially when it is applied to works of art. Regarding art, the main problem of Husserl’s theory is the assumption that pictures are constituted primarily as a conflict between perception/physical picture thing and imagination/picture object. Against this mentalist claim, I maintain, from a hermeneutic point of view, that pictures are the result of perceptual formations [Bildungen]. I then claim that Husserl’s theory fails, since it does not take into account what I call “plastic perception” [Bildliches Sehen], which plays a prominent role not only within the German tradition of art education but also within German art itself. In this connection, “plastic thinking” [Bildliches Denken] was prominent especially in Klee, in Kandinsky, and in Beuys, as well as in the overall doctrine of the Bauhaus. Ultimately, I argue that Husserl’s notion of picture consciousness and general perceptive imaginary consciousness must be replaced with a more dynamic model of the perception of pictures and art work that takes into account (a) the constructive and plastic moment, (b) the social dimension and (c) the genetic dimension of what it means to see something in something (Wollheim).

廖平对《春秋》经的认识

廖平对《春秋》经的认识,有前后两个阶段的变化。在廖平的经学史研究阶段,认为《春秋》是孔子所制作的“经”,包含了孔子的“素王制作”之义,即为后世的“一王之法”;在其经学理论的建构时期,《春秋》经被廖平作为其建构孔经“人学”的经典。事实上,《春秋经》廖平的孔经天人体系中只不过是一种工具符号,且随着廖平经学理论的变化,被不断地赋予不同的功能。     

春秋战国哲学流派研究的反思

经过几十年的积淀,春秋战国哲学流派研究取得了丰硕的成果,但是也存在着需要认真反思的地方。春秋战国哲学流派历史价值认识不充分,哲学阵线的机械划分,哲学范畴、概念的教条比附,文献资料理解的歧义,简牍帛书的利用不足,指导理论的简单化、研究方法的单一化等,分别从不同的侧面制约着春秋战国哲学流派研究的深入发展,也影响着对中国古代哲学的精确理解。     

论春秋邦交的时代特点

春秋邦交的特点,学者多有论及,但均不完善。本文从春秋邦交的主体一一各诸侯国的国家形态人手,对春秋时期各诸侯国在邦交中的地位和独立主权意识进行了探索,认为春秋列国在国家形态方面正处于一个由残缺向完整转变的过渡时期。因此,春秋邦交势必受其影响而具有自己独有的时代特点。     

《吕氏春秋》道德心理思想探析

《吕氏春秋》包含有丰富的道德心理思想。它对构成个体道德心理的各因素、赏罚的作用、个体道德修养的途径,以及影响个体道德的众多社会因素都有深刻的认识与精辟的见解,值得今人借鉴。