Cross-sectional,longitudinal and composite longitudinal data on the Career Maturity Inventory Attitude Scale

Longitudinal data collection designs are frequently used in the study of developmental variables but typically yield patterns of results that are different from those obtained using cross-sectional designs. Recent research has focused on ways to clarify and reconcile the methodological distinctions between these two designs by utilizing alternative designs that incorporate features of both. This investigation compared the results obtained by the two traditional designs on the Career Maturity Inventory-Attitude Scale with the effects of an alternative design: constructing a composite longitudinal gradient. The two traditional methodologies yielded different results from each other for males, but not for females. However, the alternative design failed to eliminate the obtained differences for males, and introduced differences for females, casting doubt on the efficacy of the “solution.” The implications of these results for developmental research and career maturity were discussed.     

An analytical description of employment according to race,sex, prestige,and Holland type of work

The composition of employment was examined using 1970 census data for employed civilians, Holland's occupational typology, and a prestige scale. The present report extends earlier examinations of the labor force using these dimensions by studying the sex and race composition of types of work at several levels of prestige, and by examining the extent of government employment among men and women in different jobs. Results indicate areas where women and blacks are under- and over-represented. In addition, because of the association between type of work and prestige level, aspirations or interest in a type of work may have implications for the level of work that is available. Counseling and research implications of the results are discussed.     

Dishabituation and spontaneous recovery of the electrodermal orienting response: Effects of extraversion,impulsivity, sociability,and caffeine

The relationship between extraversion and psychophysiological indices of arousal is not yet fully understood. The present study attempted to further clarify this relationship by using caffeine to systematically manipulate arousal. Subjects pretested on the Eysenck Personality Inventory were given caffeine or a placebo, then underwent habituation, dishabituation, and spontaneous recovery of the electrodermal OR. Separate analyses examined the main and interactive effects of extraversion, impulsivity, and sociability with caffeine. Several tonic and phasic measures showed group reversal effects, with introverts having higher tonic levels and larger phasic responses under placebo conditions and extraverts having larger phasic responses and higher tonic levels under caffeine. Although both tonic and phasic responses were differentially affected, the group reversal effects occurred at different points in time on tonic than they did on phasic measures relative to the theoretical buildup of inhibition. The findings for impulsivity were quite consistent with those for extraversion, and both sets of results were generally supportive of the Eysenck hypothesis.     

Imagery and verbal encoding in left and right hemisphere damaged patients

Neuropsychological aspects of imaginal and verbal encoding in memory were explored in two forced-choice recognition memory experiments with patients suffering from left and right anterior cerebral hemisphere damage. In the first experiment stimulus type and rate of presentation were varied. Predictions of patient performance based on the hypothesis that left anterior hemisphere pathology impairs verbal memory coding and right anterior hemisphere pathology impairs imaginal coding were confirmed. In a second recognition memory experiment for pictures of common objects, system-specific (imaginal or verbal) interference and distractor effects were demonstrated by analyzing the effects of interpolated tasks and the nature of false-recognition errors.     

Sequential analysis of visual habituation in preschool children

The study breaks down the data from a preschool (mean age of students, 63 months) visual habituation experiment using a second-by-second analysis of the entire process, including fixation time and onsets for habituation and recovery trials and for each intertrial interval. The results parallel those suggested by Cohen, DeLoach, and Rissman (Child Development, 1975, 46, 611–617), for infants and are described using a two-process model of visual attention.     

《国语》名称演变探源

《国语》本为先秦时期“事语”类文献的汇编,自西汉末刘歆始视其为《春秋》之“外传”,后人又多因之,称其为《春秋外传国语》、《春秋外传》、《春秋国语》,亦有简称《外传》,或直呼为《春秋》者。目录分类上《国语》亦多入经部“春秋类”当中,直至《四库全书》方黜《国语》出经部,而入于史部“杂史类”。本文搜集诸史材料,引述前贤之论,对《国语》名称之来源、演变及其缘由略作浅析。     

数学学习不良的研究及趋势

认知心理学、神经心理学的研究发现了数学学习不良(MD)儿童的3种基本算术技能障碍:语义记忆型MD、程序型MD、视觉空间型MD,并对它们的机制和特征做了考察.近年来对MD儿童较高级数学问题解决的研究呈现如下特点:参与到该研究的领域很多;研究所涉及的认知和非认知因素增多;教学干预研究大量出现.目前MD研究在辨别MD儿童、缺陷的概念以及神经心理学解释上面临挑战.因此该研究领域的趋势是从发展的、整体的视角来考察影响MD的各种因素,并注意各种方法的革新和结合.     

Political Participation of Islamists in Syria: Examining the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood's Mid-century Democratic Experiment

Accompanying increased participation by Islamists in parliaments across the Middle East in the past two decades, there continues to be a debate as to the sincerity of their commitment to democratic values and systems. Scholars have traditionally pursued the issue through the inclusion/moderation model, or through concepts such as ‘post-Islamism’. The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, however, represents a rare case for the study of Islam and democracy because its democratic engagement preceded its later period of violent and ideological radicalism by decades. The group contested elections within the first two years of its formation, meaning that its positions on democracy were ‘moderated’ neither by pluralist political pressures nor by the failure of a previous non-democratic ideology. This article therefore examines the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood's performance in Syria's political processes between 1947 and 1963 as a case study of Islamism and democracy, evaluating substantive indicators of democratic engagement, such as electoral practices, pact formation, policy adaptation and approaches to executive government. Using recent interviews with Brotherhood members, memoirs, archival material and newspapers, the article argues that, during this time, while the Brotherhood was not the most effective political actor, it did demonstrate a reasonably diligent commitment to democracy.     

Recovery of single word comprehension: CT-scan correlates

9tory comprehension for single words, as measured by the BDAE Word Discrimination subtest, was studied longitudinally in a group of 37 aphasic patients. The majority of the patients had impaired performance at 1 month postonset, but recovery by Month 6 postonset was quite striking. Damage to Wernicke's area did not preclude recovery of single word comprehension to within the normal range. Only patients with very extensive left hemisphere lesions had incomplete recovery of single word comprehension.