医务社会工作者:医学人文关怀的使者

医务社会工作的内涵决定了其社会作用的重要性,医务社会工作的历史进程显示了其迅速发展的必然性,我国医疗卫生体制改革凸现出发展医务社会工作的紧迫性.目前国内医务社会工作还有许多问题亟待解决,应进一步提高认识水平,加强专业人才队伍建设,健全各项政策法规,积极进行实践探索,构建中国特色的医务社会工作模式,促进医务社会工作的发展.     

我国老龄化与老年医疗保障

中国进入21世纪面临着人口老龄化的重大课题.中国老年人口的数量及老龄化的速度在世界上都是相当高的.老龄化带来了一系列棘手的社会、经济问题,其中如何完善老年人口的医疗保障制度尤其突出.通过从我国人口老龄化的现状出发,分析现有医疗保障制度的局限性,运用系统层次理论,进一步提出建立多层次老年医疗保障体系的具体设想.即在宏观、中观、微观三个层面上,充分发挥国家与社会、社区、家庭和个人的作用,做好"老有所医"的工作.     

比较改革前后的中国医疗卫生体制与伦理的优先

中国的医疗卫生问题近几年来一直是一个重大的社会热点问题。过去的市场化的医疗卫生有许多缺陷,特别是有重大的伦理缺陷。通过比较分析中国改革前后的医疗卫生特点,提出了今后中国医疗卫生体制改革以及伦理优先的思想轮廓。     

创新医学教学模式，培养高素质医学人才

以现代教育思想和理念为指导,汕头大学医学院进行了医学教学模式的创新,通过“课程体系更新”、“教学方法创新”、“英语提升计划推进”和“考试制度强化”等有效的研究和实施,促进高素质医学创新人才培养,全面提高了学校的教学质量和综合办学能力。     

"神道设教"说考释

“神道设教”学说滥觞于远古时代,殷周之际人们开始对宗教祭祀的教化功能进行思考,至春秋时代逐渐酝酿成熟,战国时期方提出了“神道设教”这一命题,从而消解了敬天尊祖的传统宗教与自然哲学的紧张。它具有陶冶百姓,凝聚人心,纯洁风俗,稳定秩序,传承文明的重要作用,影响深远。     

标准参照测验分数体系的探讨研究

随着考试事业的发展,标准参照测验（Criterion Referenced Test,CRT）也越来越多地受到人们的关注,但是它却陷入了用常模参照测验的方法来解释和报告分数的误区。该文从国内外重大标准参照测验CET-4＆CET-6、HSK、GRE、CLEP等分数体系入手,通过对其分数体系的共同点分析,探讨出适合于标准参照测验的分数体系,最后指出目前一些测验的分数体系仍然存在的问题。     

General Theory of the Commutator for Deductive Systems. Part I. Basic Facts

The purpose of this paper is to present in a uniform way the commutator theory for k-deductive system of arbitrary positive dimension k. We are interested in the logical perspective of the research — an emphasis is put on an analysis of the interconnections holding between the commutator and logic. This research thus qualifies as belonging to abstract algebraic logic, an area of universal algebra that explores to a large extent the methods provided by the general theory of deductive systems. In the paper the new term ‘commutator formula’ is introduced. The paper is concerned with the meanings of the above term in the models provided by the commutator theory and clarifies contexts in which these meanings occur. The work is presented in an abstracted form: main ideas are outlined but proofs are deferred to the second part of the paper. Dedicated to the memory of Willem Johannes Blok     

Pure Extensions, Proof Rules, and Hybrid Axiomatics

In this paper we argue that hybrid logic is the deductive setting most natural for Kripke semantics. We do so by investigating hybrid axiomatics for a variety of systems, ranging from the basic hybrid language (a decidable system with the same complexity as orthodox propositional modal logic) to the strong Priorean language (which offers full first-order expressivity).We show that hybrid logic offers a genuinely first-order perspective on Kripke semantics: it is possible to define base logics which extend automatically to a wide variety of frame classes and to prove completeness using the Henkin method. In the weaker languages, this requires the use of non-orthodox rules. We discuss these rules in detail and prove non-eliminability and eliminability results. We also show how another type of rule, which reflects the structure of the strong Priorean language, can be employed to give an even wider coverage of frame classes. We show that this deductive apparatus gets progressively simpler as we work our way up the expressivity hierarchy, and conclude the paper by showing that the approach transfers to first-order hybrid logic.A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the fifth conference on Advances in Modal Logic (AiML 2004) in Manchester. We would like to thank Maarten Marx for his comments on an early draft and Agnieszka Kisielewska for help with the proof reading.Special Issue Ways of Worlds II. On Possible Worlds and Related Notions Edited by Vincent F. Hendricks and Stig Andur Pedersen     

Cut-Elimination and Quantification in Canonical Systems

Canonical Propositional Gentzen-type systems are systems which in addition to the standard axioms and structural rules have only pure logical rules with the sub-formula property, in which exactly one occurrence of a connective is introduced in the conclusion, and no other occurrence of any connective is mentioned anywhere else. In this paper we considerably generalize the notion of a “canonical system” to first-order languages and beyond. We extend the Propositional coherence criterion for the non-triviality of such systems to rules with unary quantifiers and show that it remains constructive. Then we provide semantics for such canonical systems using 2-valued non-deterministic matrices extended to languages with quantifiers, and prove that the following properties are equivalent for a canonical system G: (1) G admits Cut-Elimination, (2) G is coherent, and (3) G has a characteristic 2-valued non-deterministic matrix.     

From imitation to conversation: the first dialogues with human neonates

The functional maturity of the newborn infant's brain, the resemblances between neonatal imitation and imitation in adults and the possibly lateralized neonatal imitation suggest that the mirror neuron system may contribute to neonatal imitation. Newborn infants not only imitate but also initiate previously imitated gestures, and are able to participate in overlapping imitation–initiation communicative cycles. Additionally, these social responses in neonates are faster than previously thought, and may enable them to have long‐lasting intimate interactions much before language develops. Infants are equipped with a powerful, innate, reciprocal communicative ability already at birth. The earliest communication originates from imitation and this communicative ability presumably later evolves to language. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.