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71.
M. Meyer M.D. Ph.D. A. Rahmel C. Marconi B. Grassi J. E. Skinner P. Cerretelli 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1998,33(1):9-40
The dynamics of heartbeat interval time series over large time scales were studied by a modifed random walk analysis introduced
recently asDetrended Fluctuation Analysis. In this analysis, the intrinsic fractal long-range power-law correlation properties of beat-to-beat fluctuations generated
by the dynamical system (i.e., cardiac rhythm generator), after decomposition from extrinsic uncorrelated sources, can be
quantified by the scaling exponent (α) which, in healthy subjects, for time scales of ∼104 beats is ∼1.0. The effects of chronic hypoxia were determined from serial heartbeat interval time series of digitized twenty-four-hour
ambulatory ECGs recorded in nine healthy subjects (mean age thirty-four years old) at sea level and during a sojourn at 5,050
m for thirty-four days (Ev-K2-CNR Pyramid Laboratory, Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal). The group averaged α exponent (±SD)
was 0.99±0.04 (range 0.93–1.04). Longitudinal assessment of α in individual subjects did not reveal any effect of exposure
to chronic high altitude hypoxia. The finding of α∼1 indicating scale-invariant long-range power-law correlations (1/f noise) of heartbeat fluctuations would reflect a genuinely self-similar fractal process that typically generates fluctuations
on a wide range of time scales. Lack of a characteristic time scale along with the absence of any effect from exposure to
chronic hypoxia on scaling properties suggests that the neuroautonomic cardiac control system is preadapted to hypoxia which
helps prevent excessive mode-locking (error tolerance) that would restrict its functional responsiveness (plasticity) to hypoxic
or other physiological stimuli.
Editorial Note: A philosopher is, by definition, a lover of wisdom. In the following article, Dr. Dimitrov, as a philosopher, examines the
principles that underlie being and thinking as performed by the structures of the brain. He reports his thoughts in a “virtual
context.” Virtual, a word enjoying great popularity today, is derived from the Latin word for man; it describes manliness
and implies apparent, but not actual, power.
In his analysis of how information is dealt with by the human being, the author uses theoretical physics and mathematics that
may seem arcane to some readers. A major aspect of his thesis declares that the effective performance of information systems
relies not on the structures involved, but on the way they interact. 相似文献
72.
Steven J. Schiff Tim Sauer Taeun Chang 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1994,29(3):246-261
An approach to discriminating deterministic versus stochastic dynamics from neuronal data is presented. Direct tests for determinism
are emphasized, as well as using time series with clear physical correlates measured from small ensembles of neurons. Surrogate
data are used to provide null hypotheses that the dynamics in our data could be accounted for by linear stochastic systems.
Algorithms are given in full, and the analysis of an experimental example is given. 相似文献
73.
Tyler S. Lorig Robert J. McCaffrey Walter Isaac 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1982,4(3):205-208
A small, low-cost, integrated circuit device is described. This circuit reduces electrical noise, such as that produced from a poor electrode-skin interface and power-line interference (60 Hz). Advantages of this device, with regard to use in electrically noisy environments and with long cables, are discussed. 相似文献
74.
B E McCord B A Iwata T L Galensky S A Ellingson R J Thomson 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2001,34(4):447-462
We conducted a four‐part investigation to develop methods for assessing and treating problem behavior evoked by noise. In Phase 1, 7 participants with developmental disabilities who were described as being hypersensitive to specific noises were exposed to a series of noises under controlled conditions. Results for 2 of the participants verified that noise was apparently an aversive event. In Phase 2, results of functional analyses indicated that these 2 participants' problem behaviors were maintained by escape from noise. In Phase 3, preference assessments were conducted to identify reinforcers that might be used during treatment. Finally, in Phase 4, the 2 participants' problem behaviors were successfully treated with extinction, stimulus fading, and a differential‐reinforcement‐of‐other‐behavior (DRO) contingency (only 1 participant required DRO). Treatment effects for both participants generalized to their home environments and were maintained during a follow‐up assessment. Procedures and results were discussed in terms of their relevance to the systematic assessment of noise as an establishing operation (EO) and, more generally, to the identification of idiosyncratic EO influences on behavior. 相似文献
75.
76.
Human neural and behavioral activities have been reported to exhibit fractal dynamics known as 1/f noise , which is more aptly named 1/f scaling . Some argue that 1/f scaling is a general and pervasive property of the dynamical substrate from which cognitive functions are formed. Others argue that it is an idiosyncratic property of domain-specific processes. An experiment was conducted to investigate whether 1/f scaling pervades the intrinsic fluctuations of a spoken word. Ten participants each repeated the word bucket over 1,000 times, and fluctuations in acoustic measurements across repetitions generally followed the 1/f scaling relation, including numerous parallel yet distinct series of 1/f fluctuations. On the basis of work showing that 1/f scaling is a universal earmark of metastability, it is proposed that the observed pervasiveness of 1/f fluctuations in speech reflects the fact that cognitive functions are formed as metastable patterns of activity in brain, body, and environment. 相似文献
77.
Adverse reactions to ambient odorous and pungent substances in daily activities among pregnant women who are half-way through pregnancy, and changes in odor perception at predominantly an early stage of pregnancy motivated the present study of odor intolerance at an early pregnancy stage. Ninety-five women averaging gestational week 11 and 102 non-pregnant women were compared with the Chemical Sensitivity Scale for Sensory Hyperreactivity (CSS-SHR). General environmental intolerance was assessed with items from the Noise Sensitivity Scale that are analogous to the CSS-SHR ("NSS-SHR"). Pregnant women were found to have higher scores on the CSS-SHR, but not on the "NSS-SHR". This suggests an odor intolerance that affects pregnant women's daily activities, which appears not to be due to a general environmental intolerance. The effect size of pregnancy on CSS-SHR score is larger in the present study of early pregnancy than in the previous study of women half-way through pregnancy. 相似文献
78.
《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(3):590-608
Listeners must cope with a great deal of variability in the speech signal, and thus theories of speech perception must also account for variability, which comes from a number of sources, including variation between accents. It is well known that there is a processing cost when listening to speech in an accent other than one's own, but recent work has suggested that this cost is reduced when listening to a familiar accent widely represented in the media, and/or when short amounts of exposure to an accent are provided. Little is known, however, about how these factors (long-term familiarity and short-term familiarization with an accent) interact. The current study tested this interaction by playing listeners difficult-to-segment sentences in noise, before and after a familiarization period where the same sentences were heard in the clear, allowing us to manipulate short-term familiarization. Listeners were speakers of either Glasgow English or Standard Southern British English, and they listened to speech in either their own or the other accent, thereby allowing us to manipulate long-term familiarity. Results suggest that both long-term familiarity and short-term familiarization mitigate the perceptual processing costs of listening to an accent that is not one's own, but seem not to compensate for them entirely, even when the accent is widely heard in the media. 相似文献
79.
80.
Joshua Correll 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2011,47(4):830-835
In repetitive tasks, latencies typically display non-random variation called 1/f noise, but the magnitude of 1/f noise can depend on effort. Between-participant variation in 1/f noise might therefore predict differences in performance for tasks that are sensitive to effort. Feedback was manipulated to suggest that participants had (or had not) shown bias on a preliminary task. Participants then completed a computer-based measure of prejudice. Consistent with an ironic process account, participants who were falsely informed that they had shown bias ultimately did show increased prejudice. But ironic processes should depend on control-related effort. Taking 1/f noise as a proxy for effort, results show that the effect of the feedback was moderated by 1/f noise. Participants demonstrating a low-effort 1/f pattern were unaffected by the manipulation (ηp2 < .01), whereas those demonstrating a high-effort 1/f pattern showed larger effects (ηp2 = .19). Results thus suggest that 1/f noise can provide novel explanatory power regarding behavior. 相似文献