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by Robert B. Glassman 《Zygon》2009,44(2):355-388
Not by Genes Alone excellently explains Peter J. Richerson and Robert Boyd's important ideas about human gene‐culture co‐evolution to a broader audience but remains short of a larger vision of civilization. Several decades ago Ralph Burhoe had seen that fertile possibility in Richerson and Boyd's work. I suggest getting past present reductionistic customs to a scientific perspective having an integral place for virtue. Subsystem agency is part of this view, as is the driving role of abundance, whose ultimate origins are in the mysterious, quintessentially energetic Big Bang. The free‐rider problem may not impede higher social organization as inexorably as Richerson and Boyd believe; “the tragedy” of enervating leakage from “the commons” may often be less influential than an invigorating flow of externalities to the commons. Eukaryotic origins mark the origin of inevitable wider sharing as higher living systems evolve. I use a metaphor of flesh and spirit in drawing a parallel between that turning point and the wide sharing that occurs in civilization. This helps solve the enigma of the demographic transition. Why do so many productive participants in first‐world societies severely restrict their selfish‐gene reproduction to below replacement birth rate? It is not because culture is maladaptive but because civilization's brain and womb have become partially differentiated in distinct populations. Considerations of social boundaries, myths of sacrifice, and human creativity help in understanding how human social evolution taps potentials present in reality. Human beings' diverse vigorous activities—the organized ones and the inadvertent ones, the wise and the foolish, the good and the bad, the carefully thoughtful and the merely playful—provide the ground of being, or primordial soup, for cultural entities that transcend our intentions. If we have it right for the most part and are fortunate, we will continue to emerge at higher levels. 相似文献
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诚信是立身处世之本。本研究分别采用内隐IAT范式、启动范式及现场实验考察中文语境下黑白隐喻对诚信的影响。结果发现:黑白与诚信存在显著的内隐语义联结,表现为一致条件下的反应时显著低于不一致时的反应时。且这种隐喻联结稳定存在于具体的黑白情境中,即白色背景显著提高诚信选择,黑色背景下不诚信选择亦显著提高。而在真实明暗体验中,与明环境相比,暗环境更容易导致被试不诚信行为。本研究显示在中国文化群体中存在“白-诚信”、“黑-不诚信”的隐喻联结;在明暗环境中,中国被试表现出“暗”促进不诚信行为的现象。 相似文献
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利用反诱导消除McCollough效应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
McCollough效应在完全黑暗和自然视觉条件下的消退过程很缓慢,而利用同频补色条栅来进行反诱导,能在十几分钟内消除显色效应。消除所用时间与反诱导条栅的亮度、颜色和栅条间距(空间频率)有关。进一步说明导致McCollough效应恢复平衡的主要因素跟网膜刺激方式有关。 相似文献
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Duration comparison: relative stimulus differences stimulus age, and stimulus predictiveness. 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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D A Stubbs L R Dreyfus J G Fetterman D M Boynton N Locklin L D Smith 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1994,62(1):15-32
Under a psychophysical trials procedure, pigeons were presented with a red light of one duration followed by a green light of a second duration. Eight geometrically spaced base durations were paired with one of four shorter and four longer durations as the alternate member of a duration pair, with different pairs randomly intermixed. One choice was reinforced if red had lasted longer than green, and a second choice was reinforced if green had lasted longer. Performance was compared when all the base durations and their pair members were included (entire-range condition) or when only the four longest base durations and their comparison durations (restricted-range condition) were used. Discrimination sensitivity decreased for longer duration pairs under both conditions, supporting a memory-based account. Sensitivity was lower under the restricted-range condition. Under both conditions, a bias to report "green as longer" increased as the second green duration increased. Bias changed as a matching function of the green-duration predictiveness of the correct choice. The results are related to a quantitative model of timing and remembering proposed by Staddon. 相似文献