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171.
Impaired empathy is an important risk factor of aggression, but results are contradictory in toddlerhood. The association between empathy and aggression may differ for empathic distress and empathic concern in response to empathy-evoking situations, and for boys and girls. Therefore, the current study investigated whether empathic distress and empathic concern at age 20 months (N = 133, 69 boys) predicted aggression at ages 20 and 30 months (N = 119, 62 boys), while taking a potential moderating effect of sex into account. Empathic behavior was observed during a distress simulation task 20 months post-partum. Physical aggression was assessed through maternal report, using the Physical Aggression Scale for Early Childhood. Linear regression analyses revealed sex differences in the associations between empathic distress and concern on the one hand and physical aggression at age 20 months on the other. Furthermore, physical aggression at age 30 months was predicted by the interaction of sex with empathic distress at age 20 months, while controlling for aggression at age 20 months. More empathic distress and concern were associated with less physical aggression in girls, but not in boys. The findings indicate that the prediction of physical aggression by empathic distress was more robust over time than for empathic concern. This study sheds new light on the intricate relationship between empathy, aggression, and sex from a developmental perspective. 相似文献
172.
This study investigated factors of conflicting expectations and roles of the current psychology practitioners, as well as how these factors were associated with the founding principles of the scientist-practitioner model. Data were gathered from ten published journal articles and then interpreted using an abridged meta-analysis methodology. Results revealed: (a) the scientist-practitioner model needs to adapt to survive, preferably with the aim of becoming more versatile; (b) The majority of graduate level clinical psychology training programs are based on a flawed version of the scientist-practitioner model, which renders the training inadequate and ineffective; (c) The identity of clinical psychology should remain firmly grounded in mental health care, and so not encroach on the territory of any other psychological divisions. Implications of these findings and suggestions for psychology practitioners are also discussed. 相似文献
173.
174.
Khosro Refaie Shirpak Maryam Chinichian Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale Hassan Eftekhar Ardebili Abolghasem Pourreza Ali Ramenzankhani 《Sexuality & culture》2008,12(3):133-150
Despite a comprehensive reproductive health program there is little sex education available in Iran. In this article we present
results of a study conducted to identify content area for a proposed sex education program for married Iranian women. Twenty-one
married female clients (23–45 years) and 18 reproductive health providers, recruited from urban health clinics in Tehran using
non-probability sampling, participated in four focus group discussions. Sexual health information needs related to reproductive
tract and sexually transmitted infections, “acceptability” of certain sexual practices such as oral and anal intercourse,
and the sexual response cycles and physiology of men and women. Women’s sexual concerns related to communication, incompatibility
of sexual interests and desire, and their ability to maintain a strong marriage. Two themes cut across women’s responses to
all questions: modesty and maintaining a strong marriage. Results contributed to the design of a sex education program that
addressed the specific information needs and concerns of Iranian women. 相似文献
175.
Ashley P. Turner 《Sexuality & culture》2008,12(1):38-44
Our ability to critically analyze the effect of incestuous activity on society is complicated by the fact that such activity
may take place in several different types of relationships, each of which play somewhat different roles within the family
and community. Thus, if we are to analyze this effect in any meaningful manner, we must first take care to differentiate the
various forms of incest from one another, and to study their consequences separately so that any effects due to relationship
status, rather than to incest per se, can be taken into account. We must also ensure that we separate our definition of incest
from that of non-consensual sex—that is, incest that occurs in couples in which one partner is too young to legally consent
should be distinguished from incest that occurs between two consenting adults (i.e. incest per se), and the effects of these
two variants of incest should as well be assessed separately. Using these careful definitions, it can be logically argued
that incest on its own should not be prohibited in modern North American society, as the damage to our freedom that such a
prohibition would entail cannot be justified by what little unambiguous evidence there is to support its case.
相似文献
Ashley P. TurnerEmail: |
176.
Work-life benefits and organizational attachment: Self-interest utility and signaling theory models 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study examines two competing theoretical explanations for why work-life policies such as dependent care assistance and flexible schedules influence organizational attachment. The self-interest utility model posits that work-life policies influence organizational attachment because employee use of these policies facilitates attachment. The signaling model posits that these policies facilitate attachment indirectly through perceived organizational support. Regression analyses explored both models using a sample of 286 full time employees. Results supported both the signaling model and the self-interest utility model. For women, the availability of work-life benefits influenced organizational attachment irrespective of use, and these effects were mediated by support perceptions, consistent with the signaling model. In contrast, the self-interest model was also supported for men only. Specifically, the availability and use of flexible schedules interacted in predicting affective commitment among men such that flexible schedule availability was positively related to commitment only when use was high and negatively related to commitment when use was low. Dependent care assistance and schedule flexibility also interacted in predicting affective commitment, turnover intentions, and perceived organizational support, suggesting that the effect of policy implementation may depend on what other policies are already offered by the organization. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for theory and organizational practice. 相似文献
177.
Samuels JF Bienvenu OJ Pinto A Murphy DL Piacentini J Rauch SL Fyer AJ Grados MA Greenberg BD Knowles JA McCracken JT Cullen B Riddle MA Rasmussen SA Pauls DL Liang KY Hoehn-Saric R Pulver AE Nestadt G 《Behaviour research and therapy》2008,46(9):1040-1046
Little is known about whether the clinical correlates of hoarding behavior are different in men and women with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In the current study, we evaluated the association of hoarding with categories of obsessions and compulsions, psychiatric disorders, personality dimensions, and other clinical characteristics separately in 151 men and 358 women with OCD who were examined during the OCD Collaborative Genetics Study. We found that, among men but not women, hoarding was associated with aggressive, sexual, and religious obsessions and checking compulsions. In men, hoarding was associated with generalized anxiety disorder and tics whereas, among women, hoarding was associated with social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, nail biting, and skin picking. In women but not men, hoarding was associated with schizotypal and dependent personality disorder dimensions, and with low conscientiousness. These findings indicate that specific clinical correlates of hoarding in OCD are different in men and women and may reflect sex-specific differences in the course, expression, and/or etiology of hoarding behavior in OCD. 相似文献
178.
A longitudinal data set was used to examine the relationships between family demands and job attribute preferences. Study participants were 207 students who responded to surveys upon entering the MBA program of a large university and to follow-up surveys 1, 2, and 3 years later. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that preferences for short, flexible work hours at earlier time periods positively predicted hours of household labor at later times, which supports a rational action model. Significant interaction effects indicated that the relationship between the importance of work hours and household labor was stronger for women than for men, which indicates that women were more likely than men to develop plans for combining work and family. Higher levels of household labor were associated with increased preferences for short, flexible work hours, and a comfortable work environment, which supports an accommodation model, but MBA students performing more household labor did not show a reduction in the desire for high salaries, good benefits, and intrinsically rewarding work. 相似文献
179.
Accelerated investment and innovation in information technology (IT) offers prospects for conducting business in ways that are radically different from the past. Despite the growing presence of IT within organizations, however, we do not have a clear understanding of how IT impacts the role of professionals. We address this issue by investigating how jobs in one professional occupational segment, human resources (HR) professionals are influenced by extensive use of IT within the human resource department. Specifically, we examine how HR professionals handle HR information as well as the expectations placed on them resulting from an increased reliance on IT. Our findings suggest that IT enables HR professionals to more efficiently access and disseminate information while it also influences what is expected of them. Implications and future directions are discussed. 相似文献
180.
Evaluation of husbands' and wives' influence in family decision making is heavily reliant on studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s. Since that time, profound changes have occurred in the American family. These changes may have affected the nature of decision making in the household. To examine the degree to which earlier findings are still generalisable today, hypotheses are developed and tested with a contemporary sample of 458 men and women. Results suggest that there have been significant changes in the roles assumed in the family decision‐making process, with the wife gaining more influence in all decision areas. The results indicate that marketers must re‐examine their marketing strategies for some products and/or services. Possible theoretical explanations are suggested to explain why these changes may have occurred. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications. 相似文献