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41.
Self-presentation and gender on MySpace 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Adriana M. Manago Michael B. Graham Patricia M. Greenfield Goldie Salimkhan 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》2008,29(6):446
Within the cultural context of MySpace, this study explores the ways emerging adults experience social networking. Through focus group methodology, the role of virtual peer interaction in the development of personal, social, and gender identities was investigated. Findings suggest that college students utilize MySpace for identity exploration, engaging in social comparison and expressing idealized aspects of the selves they wish to become. The public nature of self and relationship displays introduce feedback mechanisms by which emerging adults can legitimize images as associated with the self. Also, male–female differences in self-presentation parallel, and possibly intensify, gender norms offline. Our study suggests that social networking sites provide valuable opportunities for emerging adults to realize possible selves; however, increased pressure for female sexual objectification and intensified social comparison may also negatively impact identity development. A balanced view, presenting both opportunities and drawbacks, should be encouraged in policies regarding youth participation in social networking sites. 相似文献
42.
There is abundant evidence from behavioral and neurophysiological experiments for the distinction of natural versus artifactual categories and a gender-specific difference: women’s performances in cognitive tasks increase when natural categories are used, whereas men’s performances increase with artifactual categories. Here, we used the semantic priming paradigm to study retrieval processes by presenting category labels as primes and exemplars as targets. Overall, in two experiments we found larger priming effects for natural than for artifactual categories. In addition, females showed positive priming effects for natural but negative effects for artifactual categories, whereas males showed positive priming effects for both categories. This pattern matches with that from other tasks and can be interpreted as evidence that the findings from these other tasks are, at least partially, indeed due to different representations or processing modes for males and females and not (exclusively) due to—for example—different familiarity with a category. In a further experiment, we showed that the found pattern for females can be manipulated by focusing on perceptual vs. functional features. The results can be interpreted as first evidence that there are (eventually in addition to different “crystallized” semantic structures) specific default processing modes that differ for males and females. 相似文献
43.
To successfully infer a speaker's emotional state, diverse sources of emotional information need to be decoded. The present study explored to what extent emotional speech recognition of 'basic' emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, pleasant surprise, sadness) differs between different sex (male/female) and age (young/middle-aged) groups in a behavioural experiment. Participants were asked to identify the emotional prosody of a sentence as accurately as possible. As a secondary goal, the perceptual findings were examined in relation to acoustic properties of the sentences presented. Findings indicate that emotion recognition rates differ between the different categories tested and that these patterns varied significantly as a function of age, but not of sex. 相似文献
44.
Karine St-Jean Teresa Kus Gilles Dupuis Karine Lévesque Bernard Thibault Peter G. Guerra Reginald Nadeau Bianca D’Antono 《Applied research in quality of life》2008,3(4):235-249
Health-related quality of life (QoL) is reduced in patients with recurrent vasovagal (VVS) or unexplained (US) syncope. Little
is known regarding these patients’ QoL as pertains to their capacity to attain their life goals. Factors influencing QoL,
such as sex, syncope type and illness representations have not been studied. Our objective is to examine the relationship
between illness representations and QoL, as well as possible sex and syncope type differences. One hundred and four patients
undergoing tilt-table testing (TTT) for recurrent syncope were interviewed one month before TTT, using questionnaires. Data
were analysed using ANCOVAs, a-priori Helmert contrasts for illness representations, and regressions. Patients with US had
a poor QoL compared to those with VVS [F(1, 91) = 10.46; p < 0.01], particularly in men (p < 0.01). Patients with higher perceived syncope severity showed an impoverished QoL relative to those with less severe perceptions
[F(1, 91) = 5.47; p < 0.05]. A hierarchical regression revealed that illness representations mediate the impact of lifetime number of syncope
on QoL. In conclusion, QoL is reduced in these patients, and is influenced by illness representations. Helping patients change their
perceptions about their syncope may be an efficient way to promote QoL. 相似文献
45.
Inter- and intra-modal matching by right hand preferred Norwegian adults were tested using a matching task. The task required
them to locate target pins visually, proprioceptively or in combination, while matching was always carried out without vision.
When combined scores for both hands were analysed, the females showed superior performance in the intra-modal matching condition.
For both groups, when the scores for the two hands were treated separately, superior performance was obtained in using the
right hand to match under the visual condition. The only significant sex difference relative to hand preference was that the
females matched the target more accurately with the right hand in the intra-modal matching condition. These findings are discussed
relative to inter-hemispheric processing 相似文献
46.
This study provides unique empirical evidence regarding a growing concern internationally: weight discrimination in the workplace. Using survey data from a national sample of 2838 American adults, it responds to Puhl and Brownell’s [Puhl, R., & Brownell, K. D. (2001). Bias, discrimination, and obesity. Obesity Research, 9, 788-805] call for additional research investigating the prevalence of discriminatory experience among overweight employees, and to their more specific call for research that takes sex and race into account when examining weight discrimination. The results indicate that women are over 16 times more likely than men to perceive employment related discrimination and identify weight as the basis for their discriminatory experience. In addition, overweight respondents were 12 times more likely than normal weight respondents to report weight-related employment discrimination, obese 37 times more likely, and severely obese more than 100 times more likely. The implications of the study’s findings for organizations, policy makers, overweight employees, and career counselors are discussed, and future research directions suggested. 相似文献
47.
In recent decades, the age of marriage in many minority Muslim communities has risen so that significant numbers of Muslims
in these contexts are remaining unmarried into their late 20 s and beyond. As with other communities in Western contexts,
Muslim communities have also experienced a rising divorce rate, leading to many more single women. These social and demographic
changes, combined with traditional attitudes towards female sexuality and virginity, have led to a rise in the number of women
who have either never had a sexual encounter or who no longer have sexual encounters. Cultural discourses surrounding virginity
and female celibacy frequently conflate the virtue of refusing sexual encounters outside of marriage with happiness and satisfaction
at ‘choosing the right path’. However, these discourses negate or downplay women’s sexual desires and result in women often
feeling trapped into having to perform the ‘myth of the happy celibate’. To disrupt this myth is to unleash the potentially
destructive power of female sexuality, while to openly challenge it is to risk being positioned as a ‘slut’.
相似文献
Shakira HusseinEmail: |
48.
Robert Ervin Cramer Ryan E. Lipinski Ashley Bowman Tanner Carollo 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2009,28(1):1-11
Sex differences in subjective distress to violations of trust in a close relationship were observed among Mexican American
men and women. Imagining a partner’s emotional infidelity and other female-linked violations (for example, a partner who no
longer desires to work) distressed a larger percentage of women than men. In contrast, imagining a partner’s sexual infidelity
and other male-linked violations (for example, a partner who no longer makes an effort to look physically attractive) distressed
a larger percentage of men than women. The results from two studies provided compelling evidence against a social–cognitive
explanation of the sex differences and for an evolutionary psychology explanation based on men and women responding to threats
to their sex-linked mating strategies. 相似文献
49.
Lubomir Lamy Jacques Fischer-Lokou Nicolas Guéguen 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2009,28(3):202-209
This study tested the effect of semantically-induced thoughts of love on chivalrous helping. A field setting of four hundred
and one participants was divided into two groups. One group was interviewed and asked to retrieve the memory of a love episode,
and the second group, the control group, was asked to retrieve a piece of music that they love. The two groups encountered
another confederate, who inadvertently lost a stack of compact discs when they neared each other. The results demonstrated
that participants were more helpful when they were male, when the person in need of help was female, and when they were induced
to retrieve the memory of a love episode. 相似文献
50.
Alban Lemasson Anaïs Boutin Sarah Boivin Catherine Blois-Heulin Martine Hausberger 《Animal cognition》2009,12(5):693-704
Many animal species that rely mainly on calls to communicate produce individual acoustic structures, but we wondered whether
individuals of species better known as visual communicants, with small vocal repertoires, would also exhibit individual distinctiveness
in calls. Moreover, theoretical advances concerning the evolution of social intelligence are usually based on primate species
data, but relatively little is known about the social cognitive capacities of non-primate mammals. However, some non-primate
species demonstrate auditory recognition of social categories and possess mental representation of their social network. Horses
(Equus caballus) form stable social networks and although they display a large range of visual signals, they also use long-distance whinny
calls to maintain contact. Here, we investigated the potential existence of individual acoustic signatures in whinny calls
and the ability of horses to discriminate by ear individuals varying in their degree of familiarity. Our analysis of the acoustic
structure of whinnies of 30 adult domestic horses (ten stallions, ten geldings, ten mares) revealed that some of the frequency
and temporal parameters carried reliable information about the caller’s sex, body size and identity. However, no correlations
with age were found. Playback experiments evaluated the behavioural significance of this variability. Twelve horses heard
either control white noise or whinnies emitted by group members, familiar neighbours or unfamiliar horses. While control sounds
did not induce any particular response, horses discriminated the social category of the callers and reacted with a sound-specific
behaviour (vigilance and attraction varied with familiarity). Our results support the existence of social knowledge in horses
and suggest a process of vocal coding/decoding of information. 相似文献