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151.
While there has been considerable research on gender differences in core task performance, gender differences in organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and counterproductive work behavior (CWB) have been largely ignored. Gender-consistent roles of females as being supportive would lead to the prediction that females engage in more OCB and less CWB than males. Using meta-analytic data gathered across 395 samples, we found several (weak) gender differences in CWB but none in OCB. We explain null and weak relationships from the perspective of social role theory, especially regarding males' roles being career-focused. 相似文献
152.
Efrat Barel 《International journal of psychology》2018,53(5):365-372
Sex differences in object location memory have been widely studied, with mixed results. The role of attention in mediating the female advantage in object location memory has not been clearly understood yet. Two experiments, involving 181 participants and using an actual object array, were conducted in the present study to examine two learning conditions: incidental and intentional. In each experiment, participants were randomly assigned to divided versus full attention conditions. The study also examined memorizing location‐maintained and location‐exchanged objects. In both experiments, in both incidental and intentional learning conditions, women outperformed men in memorizing location‐exchanged objects in the full but not in the divided attention condition. These findings confirm and extend previous ones concerning the conditions under which the female advantage in the detection of change in an array of objects occurs. The findings are discussed within an evolutionary conceptual framework. 相似文献
153.
Todd Jackson 《Sex roles》2007,56(1-2):55-62
This study was designed to assess how interpersonal transactions affect responses to painful stimulation among Australian
women and men. Participants were 69 women and 49 men, randomly assigned to a No Transaction (NT) condition (coping alone)
or one of three experimenter-initiated transactions (Distraction, Pain-Monitoring, Re-interpretation). Significant sex × transaction
interactions for pain tolerance and reported pain revealed that pain responses of men did not differ as a function of transaction.
However, women who coped alone had significantly less tolerance and more pain than men and women in other groups. In contrast,
women engaged in re-interpretation transactions fared better on measures of pain perception than women engaged in distraction
transactions, and they reported significantly less catastrophizing than did men in the re-interpretation condition. Together,
findings replicate and extend recent evidence that suggests that women’s responses to noxious stimuli vary considerably as
a result of interpersonal context. 相似文献
154.
We examined sex differences in the prevalence, incidence, reasons for, and consequences of infidelity. Participants (Study
1, 543 undergraduates in the Northwestern US; Study 2, 313 undergraduates and 233 community members in the Mid-Atlantic US),
reported on infidelity by questionnaire. Using a broad definition of cheating, women reported being as unfaithful or more
unfaithful than men. Men were more suspicious about cheating and more likely to discover the cheating than women. Women were
more likely to break up with their partners, to begin new relationships after cheating, and to report reasons for cheating
that may indicate a desire to switch long-term mates, such as being unhappy in the current relationship. Results are discussed
in the context of evolutionary theory. 相似文献
155.
What Good is a Feminist Identity?: Women’s Feminist Identification and Role Expectations for Intimate and Sexual Relationships 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Women’s feminist identification is associated with a growing list of favorable outcomes, predicting that these correlations
will extend to egalitarian and assertive role expectations for committed and sexual partnerships, respectively. Surveying
165 undergraduate US women, nonfeminist passive acceptance was linked to low egalitarian expectations overall and across all
seven subscales of the marriage role expectation inventory. It also was related to depressed sexual assertiveness overall
and specifically in initiating sexual encounters and engaging in safe sexual practices. These negative associations were nonsignificant
or positive for women with stronger feminist identification. When endorsement of passive acceptance was controlled for, the
positive correlation between egalitarian and assertive expectations fell to nonsignificance, consistent with regarding nonfeminist
attitudes as a confounded third common factor. 相似文献
156.
We argue that sex drive can be regarded as a fundamental correlate of individual differences in mating strategies, and that it modulates men’s tendencies to engage in intrasexual competition. We expected that men with a high sex drive would be more threatened by a rival in a sexual context than in a commitment context, whereas men with a low sex drive would be more threatened by a rival in a commitment context. Male participants were subliminally primed with either sex-related or commitment-related words, and then confronted with a romantic rival. The results confirm expectations and are discussed in light of other research. 相似文献
157.
Andrea Kohn Maikovich Karestan C. Koenen Sara R. Jaffee 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(5):727-737
Very few studies have prospectively examined sex differences in posttraumatic stress symptoms and symptom trajectories in
youth victimized by childhood sexual abuse. This study addresses that question in a relatively large sample of children, drawn
from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, who were between the ages of 8–16 years and who were reported
to Child Protective Services for alleged sexual abuse. Sex differences were examined using t tests, logistic regression, and
latent trajectory modeling. Results revealed that there were not sex differences in victims’ posttraumatic stress symptoms
or trajectories. Whereas caseworkers substantiated girls’ abuse at higher rates than boys’ abuse and rated girls significantly
higher than boys on level of harm, there were not sex differences in three more objective measures of abuse severity characteristics.
Overall, higher caseworker ratings of harm predicted higher initial posttraumatic stress symptom levels, and substantiation
status predicted shallower decreases in trauma symptoms over time. Implications for theory and intervention are discussed. 相似文献
158.
Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the human brain have reported evidence for sexual dimorphism. In addition to sex differences in overall cerebral volume, differences in the proportion of gray matter (GM) to white matter (WM) volume have been observed, particularly in the parietal lobe. To our knowledge there have been no studies examining the relationship between the sex differences in parietal lobe structure and function. The parietal lobe is thought to be involved in spatial ability, and particularly involved in mental rotation. The purpose of this study is to examine whether sex differences in parietal lobe structure are present, and if present to relate these differences to performance on the mental rotations test (MRT). We found that women had proportionately greater gray matter volume in the parietal lobe compared to men, and this morphologic difference was disadvantageous for women in terms of performance on the MRT. In contrast, we found that men compared to women had proportionately greater parietal lobe surface area, and this morphologic difference was associated with a performance advantage for men on mental rotation. These findings support the possibility that the sexual dimorphism in the structure of the parietal lobe is a neurobiological substrate for the sex difference in performance on the mental rotations test. 相似文献
159.
Ruby R. Brougham Christy M. Zail Celeste M. Mendoza Janine R. Miller 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2009,28(2):85-97
The sources of stress (academics, financial, family, social, and daily hassles) and coping strategies (self-help, approach,
accommodation, avoidance, and self-punishment) of 166 college students were examined. The relationship between sex, specific
sources of stress, and coping strategies was also investigated. Students completed a stress assessment inventory and a stress
coping inventory based on a 5-factor revised COPE model (Zuckerman and Gagne Journal of Research in Personality, 37:169–204,
2003). Results found that college women reported a higher overall level of stress and greater use of emotion-focused coping
strategies than college men. College men and women also reported different coping strategies for different stressors; however
the use of emotion-focused coping strategies dominated over problem-solving strategies for both men and women. These results
have implications for designing stress reduction workshops that build on the existing adaptive emotion-focused strategies
of college students. 相似文献
160.
Terri D. Fisher 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(3):567-572
This study explored the impact of verbally-conveyed social norms on college students’ reports of sexual behavior and attitudes. Some participants overheard a staged conversation that enforced conservative or permissive social norms. Men and women in the permissive condition were more likely to report extradyadic involvement than those in the conservative condition. Men in the conservative condition reported an older age at first intercourse and fewer lifetime and one-time only sexual partners than did men who did not overhear a conversation. Men’s and women’s reports of sexual attitudes were unaffected by the manipulation. That a transient social norm had an impact on reports of sexual behavior lends support to the notion that some apparent sex differences in sexual behavior are at least partially reporting differences due to the influence of differential social norms. Sexual attitudes were less influenced by the social context, suggesting that attitudinal sex differences may be more robust. 相似文献