从丘浚的科学观看儒学与科学的可容性

丘浚是我国古代自觉提倡并积极探讨自然科学的儒家学者。他将儒学的研究对象分为“性理之学”(相当于“哲学”)与“物理之学”(相当于“科学”)两个部分 ,并对当时儒者重“性理之学”而轻“物理之学”的现象提出了批评。他不仅揭示了研究“物理之学”的必要性 ,而且还提出了研究“物理之学”的方法与要求。丘浚对研究“物理之学”的积极提倡 ,使我们看到了儒学与科学之间可容性的一面。     

The utility of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in US military personnel

Sleep disturbances are endemic in military personnel with nonclinical populations averaging 6 hours of sleep. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), however, has not been validated in this population. It is thus unknown if the PSQI can differentiate clinically significant sleep disorders from sleep disturbances resulting from military duties with restricted sleep periods. After a clinical evaluation and polysomnogram, participants (N = 148) were classified as having insomnia only, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) only, comorbid insomnia and OSA (CIO), service-related illnesses only (SRI–; pain, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury), and controls. Military personnel in the insomnia only, and the CIO groups had higher PSQI scores (13.5 ± 2.8 and 14.7 ± 3.5, respectively) compared to the controls (8.9 ± 3.9). A cut-off score of ≥10 was optimal (90% sensitivity and 69% specificity) for determining clinically significant insomnia (≥12 for CIO; 84% sensitivity, 77% specificity). In military personnel, a PSQI score >5 is not necessarily indicative of a clinically significant sleep disorder. The use of elevated cut-off PSQI scores are likely better suited to differentiate military personnel who require further clinical evaluation versus a more conservative sleep improvement protocol.     

The Importance of Parents' Community Connections for Adolescent Well‐being: An Examination of Military Families

Drawing from the Social Organization Theory of Action and Change (SOAC), this analysis of 223 military families, including active duty (AD) military and civilian partners, examines how parents' sense of community and community engagement (two elements of community connections) are associated with their own resilient coping, and ultimately with important outcomes capturing their adolescent offspring's individual well‐being (depression, anxiety, and self‐efficacy) and family well‐being (family functioning and parenting quality). The roles of child gender and military context were also examined. Parents with stronger community connections, including greater sense of community and community engagement, reported more resilient coping when faced with adversity. The resilient coping of mothers, in turn, was particularly significant for more positive youth outcomes, when compared to that of fathers. While gender and military context were associated with individual and family well‐being, analyses of model invariance indicated that the model fit similarly for male and female adolescents and those experiencing high and low levels of military transitions. Indirect effects were also examined. These findings illuminate malleable dimensions of both community life and family life, primarily showing that community contexts matter for multiple family members.     

New Opportunities

Sexual assault is a pervasive problem in the U.S. military, especially against women. Bystander intervention is increasingly promoted as important for reducing sexual violence, and it may be particularly helpful in contexts with high rates of sexual violence. Bystander training encourages and enables people to intervene safely and stop sexual violence. In this study, we drew from an ecological model to investigate intrapersonal, microsystem, and exosystem factors that predicted Service members' assumption of personal responsibility to intervene in an alcohol‐involved sexual assault. Moreover, we examined how these predictors played a role in decisions about how to intervene: confronting the perpetrator, assisting the victim, or finding someone to help. We analyzed data from 24,610 active duty personnel collected by the Department of Defense. Several factors significantly related to Service members' bystander intentions: gender, rank, morale, attitudes about sexual assault, training, and trust in the military sexual assault system predicted the likelihood and method of bystander intervention. These findings help identify how and why people intervene (or fail to intervene) when they witness situations that could develop into sexual violence.     

The Experience of Deployment for Partners of Military Personnel: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis

It is well acknowledged that deployment can have a significant impact on military personnel; however, the effect on their partners who remain on the homefront is less researched. This meta-synthesis aimed to explore the experience of deployment for partners of military personnel to provide a greater understanding of the challenges and responses involved for them. Noblit and Hare's (1988) meta-ethnographic approach was adopted to synthesize 11 qualitative studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The five core concepts to emerge from the meta-synthesis were the multitude of emotions; methods of coping; communication with their partner; relentless responsibilities; and positive outcomes. These findings provide a developed understanding of how challenges of deployment are managed, including negative outcomes and protective psychological responses and behaviors. The limitations of these findings are discussed, as are clinical implications and recommendations for future research.     

"蜀石经"与《十三经》的结集

儒家"十三经"何时结集而成,自古迄今,众说纷纭。本文通过考察,发现始于孟蜀广政而成于北宋宣和的"蜀石经",已经将《周易》、《尚书》、《诗经》、《周礼》、《仪礼》、《礼记》、《春秋左传》、《公羊传》、《谷梁传》、《论语》、《孝经》、《尔雅》和《孟子》刻入石经,从而完成了"十三经"的结集过程。《孟子》之刻入石经,标志着儒学从"尊经重传",到"尊经重子"传统的转变;也预示着儒学从重视"经学"到重视"理学"的时代的来临。     

Everything Here is Fine: Protective Buffering by Military Spouses During a Deployment

To minimize potential distractions for deployed military service members (SMs), some nondeployed romantic partners have reported engaging in protective buffering, or intentionally withholding information or concerns to protect their deployed partner. This study assessed the associations of protective buffering and psychological distress and marital satisfaction for military couples during and after deployment. Additionally, the study explored whether protective buffering was related to SM reports of being distracted during deployment by family matters. A total of 54 couples provided data before, during, and after an Army deployment. In multilevel models, higher protective buffering by partners was associated with higher psychological distress and lower marital satisfaction for both SMs and partners during, but not after, deployment. Additionally, partners reported frequent use of protective buffering during deployment; however, protective buffering was not significantly correlated with family related distraction for SMs during deployment. Limitations and implications of these findings are discussed.     

Perceived burdensomeness, fearlessness of death, and suicidality among deployed military personnel

The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide posits that the interaction of three elements is required for lethal suicidal behaviors: the perception that one is a burden on others, the perception that one does not belong, and fearlessness about death combined with high pain tolerance (termed “acquired capability” for suicide). Although an ever expanding research base supports the theory, very limited data exist supporting the theory among military personnel, a group that has experienced a rapid increase in suicides during the past several years. The current study tests the interpersonal-psychological theory in two clinical samples of military personnel while deployed to Iraq: those seeking treatment for mild traumatic brain injury, and those seeking outpatient mental health treatment. In both samples, perceived burdensomeness and acquired capability were significantly associated with suicidality, as was their interaction term. Results partially support the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide, and indicate that perceptions of burdensomeness combined with fearlessness about death are associated with increased suicidality among deployed military personnel.     

Body image and tobacco cessation: relationships with weight concerns and intention to resume tobacco use

Concern about weight gain after tobacco cessation is a potential barrier to quitting tobacco. Few studies, however, have examined the role of body image in cessation-related weight concerns and anticipated relapse. This study investigated relationships between current body image dissatisfaction, anticipated body image dissatisfaction (discrepancy between anticipated post-cessation body shape and desired body shape), cessation-related weight concerns, and intention to resume tobacco with weight gain. Body image dissatisfaction was significantly related to cessation-related weight concerns. Participants who reported current dissatisfaction with their body image were 2.6 times more likely to intend to resume tobacco use with cessation-related weight gain than those with no body image dissatisfaction. Individuals with anticipated body image dissatisfaction were 3.4 times more likely to intend to resume tobacco compared to individuals with no anticipated body image dissatisfaction. Women and normal weight individuals with anticipated body image dissatisfaction appear to be at particularly high risk for intending to relapse. Results suggest that tobacco cessation interventions may need to target concerns about body image as well as weight gain.     

Impact du célibat géographique des marins sur le conflit travail-famille et la satisfaction professionnelle

The goal of this research is to study the impact of geographical celibacy on work-family conflict and job satisfaction. Indeed, we made the hypotheses that geographical celibates will have more negative feeling toward these two concepts. In order to test these hypothesis, 5298 sailors of the French Navy answered a questionnaire that measured job satisfaction and work-family conflict. Results show that there are differences and that geographical celibates feel more conflict than non-geographical celibates. Moreover, they are less satisfied by their job. This study allows us to question the relevance of this status in a military institution where mobility is particularly high.