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113.
国外成就目标研究的新进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
该文从个人成就目标和目标结构(即情境)两方面分析了国外成就目标的研究。个人成就目标传统上分为掌握目标和成绩目标,在二者都发展到包括趋近取向和回避取向的基础上,有研究者提出了多目标观点;在目标结构上,掌握目标方面的研究得到了较为一致的结论,无论是知觉的掌握目标情境,还是创造的掌握目标情境,对学生都较为有益,但在成绩目标上的结果还不一致,而对同时强调掌握和成绩目标的情境方面的研究则相对较少。 相似文献
114.
Stewart Shapiro 《Studia Logica》2008,90(3):313-336
It is a commonplace that the extensions of most, perhaps all, vague predicates vary with such features as comparison class
and paradigm and contrasting cases. My view proposes another, more pervasive contextual parameter. Vague predicates exhibit
what I call open texture: in some circumstances, competent speakers can go either way in the borderline region. The shifting
extension and anti-extensions of vague predicates are tracked by what David Lewis calls the “conversational score”, and are
regulated by what Kit Fine calls penumbral connections, including a principle of tolerance. As I see it, vague predicates
are response-dependent, or, better, judgement-dependent, at least in their borderline regions. This raises questions concerning
how one reasons with such predicates.
In this paper, I present a model theory for vague predicates, so construed. It is based on an overall supervaluationist-style
framework, and it invokes analogues of Kripke structures for intuitionistic logic. I argue that the system captures, or at
least nicely models, how one ought to reason with the shifting extensions (and anti-extensions) of vague predicates, as borderline
cases are called and retracted in the course of a conversation. The model theory is illustrated with a forced march sorites
series, and also with a thought experiment in which vague predicates interact with so-called future contingents. I show how
to define various connectives and quantifiers in the language of the system, and how to express various penumbral connections
and the principle of tolerance. The project fits into one of the topics of this special issue. In the course of reasoning,
even with the external context held fixed, it is uncertain what the future extension of the vague predicates will be. Yet
we still manage to reason with them. The system is based on that developed, more fully, in my Vagueness in Context, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006, but some criticisms and replies to critics are incorporated. 相似文献
115.
Randall R. Dipert 《Metaphilosophy》2002,33(1&2):146-157
I survey in this article the practical uses of computers in philosophy: except for logic, computers have not yet noticeably improved the quality of philosophizing, research, or pedagogy. They have made work easier. My main interest, however, is in the "substantive" impact that computers may have on philosophical problems, especially in metaphysics. I argue that logic, the notion of decidability, and the theory of computation all predated and did not require modern digital computers. In the philosophy of mind, there has been a persistent conflation of computationalism and physicalism. The two theses can and should be separated. Finally, I suggest that we see glimpses of a new metaphysics based on information and information transformations that goes far beyond the well-trodden mind-brain debates. 相似文献
116.
西方儿童个性结构研究进展 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
近年来,在儿童个性结构研究领域,基于成人研究基础上建立起来的大五因素受到一定的挑战,此外该研究领域在研究方法方面也取得了一些进展。该文从新近西方儿童的个性结构理论研究、儿童个性结构研究采用的同伴提名法、以及个性结构问卷的跨文化应用等几方面来探讨西方儿童个性结构研究领域的进展,并提出未来研究的设想。 相似文献
117.
A least squares algorithm for fitting additive trees to proximity data 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Geert De Soete 《Psychometrika》1983,48(4):621-626
A least squares algorithm for fitting additive trees to proximity data is described. The algorithm uses a penalty function to enforce the four point condition on the estimated path length distances. The algorithm is evaluated in a small Monte Carlo study. Finally, an illustrative application is presented.The author is Aspirant of the Belgian Nationaal Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek. The author is indebted to Professor J. Hoste for providing computer facilities at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences at Ghent. 相似文献
118.
Thermal expansion measurements have been performed by X-ray diffractometry on icosahedral Al-Pd-Mn (i-(Al-Pd-Mn)) in the temperature range between 10 and 700K and on decagonal Al-Cu-Co (d-(Al-Cu-Co)) in the range between 100 and 750K. The linear thermal expansion coefficient alpha(T) of i-(Al-Pd-Mn) is about half of that for the pure aluminium phase at room temperature and does not show a negative thermal expansion at low temperatures. The degree of anisotropy in the thermal expansion of d-(Al-Cu-Co) is small; the ratio of the average alpha between the tenfold periodic direction and a quasiperiodic direction perpendicular to it is 0:93 +/- 0:05. The Gruneisen parameter gamma(T) has been evaluated from the measured alpha(T). gamma for d-(Al-CuCo) is almost isotropic, similar to alpha. The gamma values for the two phases lie in the range between 1.5 and 1.8, which are comparable with those for conventional metallic crystals. They are almost constant over the temperature range studied. 相似文献
119.
春秋邦交的特点,学者多有论及,但均不完善。本文从春秋邦交的主体一一各诸侯国的国家形态人手,对春秋时期各诸侯国在邦交中的地位和独立主权意识进行了探索,认为春秋列国在国家形态方面正处于一个由残缺向完整转变的过渡时期。因此,春秋邦交势必受其影响而具有自己独有的时代特点。 相似文献
120.