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261.
This article examines efficiency issues pertaining to social marketing messages about behavior enactment (e.g., smoker) vs. non-enactment (e.g., nonsmoker). Building on a wealth of psycholinguistics research, we posit that underlying differences in the processing and storage of word concepts with affixal negations affect learning and memory for these concepts (i.e., associations with non-enactment concepts will be harder to learn and remember than associations with enactment concepts). Two experiments support our predictions, suggesting that messages about enactment will demonstrate superior efficiency. Implications of study findings are discussed in terms of possibilities for improving the efficiency of social marketing messages about non-enactment. 相似文献
262.
Social groups of gorillas were observed in three captive facilities and one African field site. Cases of potential gesture
use, totalling 9,540, were filtered by strict criteria for intentionality, giving a corpus of 5,250 instances of intentional
gesture use. This indicated a repertoire of 102 gesture types. Most repertoire differences between individuals and sites were
explicable as a consequence of environmental affordances and sampling effects: overall gesture frequency was a good predictor
of universality of occurrence. Only one gesture was idiosyncratic to a single individual, and was given only to humans. Indications
of cultural learning were few, though not absent. Six gestures appeared to be traditions within single social groups, but
overall concordance in repertoires was almost as high between as within social groups. No support was found for the ontogenetic
ritualization hypothesis as the chief means of acquisition of gestures. Many gestures whose form ruled out such an origin,
i.e. gestures derived from species-typical displays, were used as intentionally and almost as flexibly as gestures whose form
was consistent with learning by ritualization. When using both classes of gesture, gorillas paid specific attention to the
attentional state of their audience. Thus, it would be unwarranted to divide ape gestural repertoires into ‘innate, species-typical,
inflexible reactions’ and ‘individually learned, intentional, flexible communication’. We conclude that gorilla gestural communication
is based on a species-typical repertoire, like those of most other mammalian species but very much larger. Gorilla gestures
are not, however, inflexible signals but are employed for intentional communication to specific individuals. 相似文献
263.
The aim of the present study was to investigate Type A behavior as well as perceived work situation, and associations with burnout and work engagement. The associations in focus were investigated through hierarchical regressions in a sample (N= 329) of Swedish Information Communication Technology consultants. The findings indicated that both work situation and Type A behavior was correlated with work engagement and burnout; however, no interactions between Type A behavior and work situation were elicited. The main conclusion was that the achievement striving aspect of Type A behavior appears as "non-toxic" and is related only to work engagement. However, the irritability/impatience aspect appears to be responsible for burnout complaints among Type A individuals, possibly through negative effects of the mood itself than through perceived stress at work. 相似文献
264.
In this paper we introduce a latent variable model (LVM) for mixed ordinal and continuous responses, where covariate effects
on the continuous latent variables are modelled through a flexible semiparametric Gaussian regression model. We extend existing
LVMs with the usual linear covariate effects by including nonparametric components for nonlinear effects of continuous covariates
and interactions with other covariates as well as spatial effects. Full Bayesian modelling is based on penalized spline and
Markov random field priors and is performed by computationally efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. We apply
our approach to a German social science survey which motivated our methodological development.
We thank the editor and the referees for their constructive and helpful comments, leading to substantial improvements of a
first version, and Sven Steinert for computational assistance. Partial financial support from the SFB 386 “Statistical Analysis
of Discrete Structures” is also acknowledged. 相似文献
265.
266.
A corpus of phonological errors produced in narrative speech by a Wernicke's aphasic speaker (R.W.B.) was tested for context effects using two new methods for establishing chance baselines. A reliable anticipatory effect was found using the second method, which estimated chance from the distance between phoneme repeats in the speech sample containing the errors. Relative to this baseline, error-source distances were shorter than expected for anticipations, but not perseverations. R.W.B.'s anticipation/perseveration ratio measured intermediate between a nonaphasic error corpus and that of a more severe aphasic speaker (both reported in Schwartz et al., 1994), supporting the view that the anticipatory bias correlates to severity. Finally, R.W.B's anticipations favored word-initial segments, although errors and sources did not consistently share word or syllable position. 相似文献
267.
不同加工与记忆编码关系的ERP研究 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6
通过事件相关电位(ERPs)记录,探讨了深、浅2种加工与记忆编码的相互关系。研究结果表明,(1)在深、浅两种加工条件下,首次使用汉字材料,获得了ERP相继记忆效应(Dm),随后再认正确的ERPs比随后再认不正确的ERPs有更大的晚正成分。(2)深加工的Dm效应始于N2波的前支(230-280ms)和N2波之后(395-800ms);而浅加工的Dm效应发生在345-490ms之间。深、浅加工的Dm效 涉及不同的脑区,这一结果支持深、浅两种加工的Dm效应可能是分离的结论。 相似文献
268.
风险决策中动态框架效应研究 总被引:9,自引:2,他引:9
风险决策的框架效应一直是理论研究和实践应用的焦点。该研究利用计算机联网模拟团队分布式动态风险决策任务,从三个方面(过去绩效,启动资金和目标设置)研究决策者在动态条件下风险偏好的变化规律。研究发现“目标设置”因素框架效应具有抑制作用,“启动资金”因素对个体和团队有不同影响。研究结果表明,风险敏感性同样适用于解释动态情境下的风险偏好。 相似文献
269.
The present study investigates the impact of first language (L1) structural frequency and L1 lexical accessibility, manipulated via cognate status, on second language (L2) speech production. L1 German–L2 English speakers and L1 English speakers completed a production task containing pre- and post-modified possessive noun phrase (NP) constructions (e.g. The actress’s sofa vs. The sofa of the actress) in which the head nouns were English-German cognates (e.g. sofa) or noncognates. While English prefers pre-modified NPs, German has a strong frequency bias for post-modified NPs. L2 English speakers exhibited higher production accuracy than L1 English speakers on post-modified NP sentences. However, facilitative L1 effects in production latencies were restricted to post-modified NP sentences containing cognates and only developed cumulatively after repeated exposure to post-modified NP sentences. We discuss how cognate status and L1 structural frequency differentially influence the accuracy and timing of choosing between different structural alternatives during L2 production. 相似文献
270.
We report three studies in which methodologies from psychophysics are adapted to investigate context effects on individual financial decision‐making under risk. The aim was to determine how the range and the rank of the options offered as saving amounts and levels of investment risk influence people's decisions about these variables. In the range manipulation, participants were presented with either a full range of choice options or a limited subset, while in the rank manipulation they were presented with a skewed set of feasible options. The results showed that choices are affected by the position of each option in the range and the rank of presented options, which suggests that judgments and choices are relative. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献