Self-determined self-other overlap: Interacting effects on partners’ perceptions of support and well-being in close relationships

Self-other overlap, an important dimension of interpersonal closeness, is linked to positive interpersonal and well-being outcomes in relationships with romantic partners and friends. Three studies applied principles from self-determination theory to examine whether individual differences in self-determined motivation moderate the effects of higher self-other overlap on partner outcomes. Studies were cross-sectional and longitudinal, and examined personality and relationship-specific self-determination in friends (Study 1) and romantic partners (all studies); all were comprised of dyads to examine partner effects. Results suggested that as self-determined individuals reported greater self-other overlap, their partners also reported receiving more positive motivational support as well as enhanced commitment. On the other hand, when individuals were low in self-determination, partners did not benefit from greater self-other overlap.     

Riskier for me or for others? The role of domain and probability in self-other differences,in risky decision-making

Abstract

In social and economic interactions, people often decide differently for others, as against for themselves, under situations involving risks. This sometimes leads to conflicts or contradictions. Although previous studies have explored such contradictions, the findings have been inconsistent. To reconcile these inconsistencies, this paper investigates the role played by the different domains and probabilities in the self-other differences under risk. Two groups of participants completed a gambling task combining different domains (gain vs. loss) and probabilities (small vs. large). One group made decisions for others and the other group made decisions for themselves. The results revealed a four pattern of discrepancy: the ones who made decisions for others were less risk-seeking than those who made decisions for themselves over the small probability gains. This was reversed over the large probability gains. Conversely, the participants who made decisions for others were more risk-seeking than those who made decisions for themselves over the small probability losses. The results were reversed over the large probability losses. These results reconcile the contradictory findings of the previous studies and suggest the significant role played by contextual factors in such discrepancies.     

Measuring Creativity with Planned Missing Data

This paper introduces a method for the assessment of creativity that relies on creativity tasks, a subjective evaluation procedure, and a planned missing data design that offers a drastic reduction in the overall implementation costs (administration time and scoring procedure). This method was tested on a sample of 149 people, using three creativity tasks as a basis. Participants were instructed to produce several ideas in each task and then to select what they considered to be their best two ideas (i.e., “Top 2” procedure; Silvia, Winterstein, Willse, Barona, et al., Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2 , 2008 and 68). These ideas were then evaluated by a panel of peers and experts. Creativity ratings were analyzed with structural equations; measurement models were estimated for each task and correlations between factor-scores across the three tasks were investigated. Further insights regarding validity are provided through systematic investigation of the relationship between fluency scores, creativity ratings, intelligence tasks, self-reported idea generation abilities, and creative activities and achievements. Overall, the results support the viability of this new approach, providing evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. They are discussed in relation to past research and avenues for further extension are proposed.     

多层次研究的数据聚合适当性检验:文献评价与关键问题试解

组织管理领域的多层次研究经常需要测量共享单位特性构念, 常用方法是将单位内若干个体成员的评分聚合到单位层次, 确保聚合后的分数具有充分代表性的统计前提是通过聚合适当性检验。聚合适当性检验的常用指标是组内一致性r_WG和组内信度ICC(1)、ICC(2), 但目前学界对于这两类指标何者更优、r_WG的原分布选择和数据清理、各指标的划界值等关键问题存在诸多争议。为此, 首先对国内9份管理学、心理学期刊2014年以来发表的166篇包含聚合适当性检验的论文进行内容分析, 并以Journal of Applied Psychology上的85篇论文为对比, 查明常规实践中的共性问题, 进而提出实践建议:(1)明确功能定位, 将r_WG作为聚合适当性指标, ICC(1)和ICC(2)分别作为效度、信度指标。(2)计算r_WG时审慎选择原分布, 排除组内一致性过低的组。(3)为各指标设定更加合理、有适度灵活性的划界值, 停止使用武断、粗糙的经验标准。最后, 强调研究者在模型构建和聚合决策中应加强理论考量, 避免片面依赖统计检验结果。     

Social and personal adjustment of elementary and secondary students

The present study examined school adjustment problems of about 1000 students aged 6 through 17 years. The Behavior Problem Checklist was factor-analyzed to identify multivariate factors of adjustment problems. Age- and sex-based subgroups were then compared on these factors, and some estimates of criteria for abnormality were derived. Finally, the prevalence of each problem on the checklist was derived separately for age- and sex-based subgroups, which were then contrasted on the items. The results provide basic information about the adjustment problems of those students who are not considered socially or personally maladjusted.     

Alternate methods and software for calculating interobserver agreement for continuous observation data

Portable electronic data collection devices permit investigators to collect large amounts of observational data in a form ready for computer analysis. These devices are particularly efficient for gathering continuous data on multiple behavior categories. We expect that the increasing availability of these devices will lead to greater use of continuous data collection methods in observational research. This paper addresses the difficulties encountered when calculating traditional interobserver agreement statistics for continuous, multiple-code scoring. Two alternative strategies are described that yield interobserver agreement values based on the exact time of behavior code entries by the primary and secondary observers.Work on this paper was supported in part by NICHD Grants P01HD15051 and R01HD17650 and Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services Grant G008302980.     

Judgmental relativism as a validity threat to standardized psychiatric rating scales

Judgemental relativism is a threat to the replicability and validity of measures of client behavior from direct rating scales whenever raters are exposed to different levels of client functioning since the internal standards, or anchor points, used to judge dimensional continua may vary on the basis of prior experience. Traditional interrater reliability indexes fail to identify such effects. The influence of judgmental relativism on summated ratings from the Nurses Observational Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE-30) for 1040 adult mentally ill clients was examined with clinical staff raters from 24 treatment units in which the Time-Sample Behavioral Checklist (TSBC) provided full-week objective measures of actual client functioning via hourly direct observational coding (DOC). Regression analyses found that the same level of objective performance received higher or lower ratings across treatment units dependent on the raters'exposure to client groups that differed in level of functioning. Analyses of rating errors found that clients with better levels of functioning relative to others within treatment units were rated even higher than performance warranted. The operation of halo and contrast effects is explored and guidelines are provided for determining when judgmental relativism may produce or nullify significant differences. DOC assessments should be used instead of retrospective ratings to support most decisions in residential settings. Specific recommendations for the application of rating scales and improving data quality are provided.This study was the basis of a master's thesis at the University of Houston by Betty E. Rich under the direction of Gordon L. Paul and Marco J. Mariotto. Richard M. Rozelle, to whom appreciation is expressed for helpful comments, served on the examination committee. This study was partially supported by grants to Gordon L. Paul from the National Institute of Mental Health, Public Health Service (MH-15353; MH-25464); the Illinois Department of Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities; the Joyce Foundation; the MacArthur Foundation; the Owsley Foundation; the Cullen Foundation; and the Center for Public Policy, University of Houston.     

Conditions for rasch-dichotomizability of the unidimensional polytomous rasch model

Jansen and Roskam (1986) discussed the compatibility of the unidimensional polytomous Rasch model with dichotomization of the response continuum. They derived a rather strict condition in which dichotomization of multicategory data that fit the unidimensional polytomous Rasch model, results in dichotomous data which fit the dichotomous Research model with effectively the same subject parameter. In this paper a more general dichotomization condition is derived for the polytomous Rasch model, which appears less restrictive, but upholds that the intrinsic logic of the unidimensional polytomous Rasch model defies dichotomization in general. The robustness of dichotomous analysis investigated in a simulation study. It shows a close relation with the two-parameters (Birnbaum) model. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.The authors are indebted to H. Müller (personal communication, August 1986), for giving an example which pointed toward the core equation in this paper. The authors also acknowledge the critical comments of Th. Bezambinder and P. Wakker, and of Psychometrika's reviewers to an earlier version of this paper.     

Simplifying continuous monitoring of multiple-response/multiple-subject classroom interactions

In order to facilitate the field monitoring of three subjects interacting according to one or more of 18 response categories, a modified version of several available, but oftentimes mechanically incompatible, observational procedures was designed. Its continuous recording strategy, sectioned into one-minute observational units, enabled researchers to derive highly representative behavior samples, and when accompanied by the specially tailored coding form and recording apparatus, observers achieved over 90% agreement across all reliability sessions. This procedure provides applied researchers with a simple, highly reliable, and adaptable observation tool for continuously and simultaneously monitoring the behaviors of one or more subjects.