组织中权力如何促进亲社会行为?责任感知的中介作用

如何善用权力惠及于民既是一个重要的科学问题, 也是一个关键的管理实践问题。以往学者主要关注组织情境中权力对亲社会行为的消极作用, 对积极作用的发生机制尚不清楚。梳理组织中权力正向影响亲社会行为的相关文献, 发现责任感知在权力促进亲社会行为中起中介作用; 掌权者在行使权力时会考虑自身需求、与他人的关系, 以及与组织的关系, 从而增强责任感知, 且不同路径会受个体层面、人际层面和组织层面的潜在因素影响。权力通过责任感知促进亲社会行为的综合模型, 对组织以及掌权者如何善用权力具有重要的启示意义。     

Predicting 2-year weight loss through temporally specific earlier losses,relevant behaviors,and their psychological correlates: Implications for behavioral treatment architectures

Maintaining loss of weight beyond an initial 6–9 months remains problematic, with research indicating little recent progress. A poor understanding of how and when prior weight loss, behavioral changes, and psychosocial predictors are associated with long-term weight changes persists. To better-inform behavioral treatments for long-term success with weight loss, women with obesity (N = 86; M_age = 48.6 years) volunteered for research incorporating community-based weight-management treatments. They were assessed at months 6, 12, and 24 on theory-based psychosocial and behavioral factors, and over 24 months on weight. Considering the included times and temporal ranges, it was found that change in weight from month 6–24 was the strongest predictor of 24-month weight change, and physical activity and fruit/vegetable intake at month 24 best predicted that change in weight. Self-regulation, self-efficacy, and mood at month 24 best predicted both physical activity and fruit/vegetable intake at month 24, with body satisfaction also a significant predictor of physical activity. From these data, mediation analyses found that the predictions of long-term weight loss by scores of self-regulation, self-efficacy, body satisfaction, and mood at month 24 were significantly mediated by fruit/vegetable intake and physical activity in separate equations. Findings indicated both psychosocial and behavioral targets, and timing for those targets, most indicative of long-term success with weight loss.     

Establishing and maintaining treatment effects with less intrusive consequences via a pairing procedure

The generality and long-term maintenance of a pairing procedure designed to improve the efficacy of less intrusive procedures were evaluated for the treatment of problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement exhibited by 2 individuals with developmental disabilities. Results suggested that a less intrusive procedure could be established as a conditioned punisher by pairing it with an effective punisher contingent on problem behavior. Generalization across multiple therapists was demonstrated for both participants. However, generalization to another setting was not achieved for 1 participant until pairing was conducted in the second setting. Long-term maintenance was observed with 1 participant in the absence of further pairing trials. Maintenance via intermittent pairing trials was successful for the other participant.     

A Longitudinal Investigation of the Friendship Model of Relational Interdependent Self-Construal

A four-wave longitudinal study examined how relational-interdependent self-construal (RISC) or the tendency to think of one’s self in terms of close relationships, was related to cognitions and behaviors within friendships. In same-sex friendships, in both concurrent and prospective analyses, own RISC was associated with perceived friend’s RISC, own relationship supportive behaviors, and own relationship quality. Perceived friend’s RISC predicted perceived friend’s relationship supportive behaviors. Own behaviors predicted fulfillment of own friendship functions, which predicted own relationship quality. In prospective analyses, behaviors mediated the RISC-friendship function relation, and behaviors and friendship functions both mediated the RISC-relationship quality relation. However, the influence of perceived friend’s RISC on subsequent variables was through its association with perceived friend’s behavior, which was associated with own friendship functions concurrently.     

榄香烯联合替莫唑胺与单药替莫唑胺在 NSCLC 脑转移放疗后维持治疗中的比较研究

探讨榄香烯注射液联合替莫唑胺在非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）脑转移患者放疗后维持治疗的疗效,将46例NSCLC脑转移放疗后患者,随机分为联合治疗组和对照组,分别采用榄香烯联合替莫唑胺和单药替莫唑胺维持化疗,观察两组疗效、免疫指标、不良反应及生存分析。结果显示两组无进展生存期（PFS）、总生存期（OS）差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。总缓解率及卡氏功能状态评分（KPS）两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。联合治疗组免疫功能提高,化疗不良反应减轻。榄香烯联合替莫唑胺维持治疗可以提高NSCLC脑转移患者放疗后的总缓解率,改善生活质量,减轻化疗的不良反应,应用安全。     

An evaluation of progressively increasing intertrial intervals on the acquisition and generalization of three social skills

We evaluated the effects of different intertrial intervals (ITIs; time between programmed learning opportunities) on the acquisition and generalization of 2 preschoolers' social skills. Independent and generalized skills were observed only when the daily ITI was gradually increased from short to progressively longer intervals.     

Inspiration or deflation? Feeling similar or dissimilar to slim and plus-size models affects self-evaluation of restrained eaters

The present studies examined the effect of perceiving images of slim and plus-size models on restrained eaters’ self-evaluation. While previous research has found that such images can lead to either inspiration or deflation, we argue that these inconsistencies can be explained by differences in perceived similarity with the presented model. The results of two studies (ns = 52 and 99) confirmed this and revealed that restrained eaters with high (low) perceived similarity to the model showed more positive (negative) self-evaluations when they viewed a slim model, compared to a plus-size model. In addition, Study 2 showed that inducing in participants a similarities mindset led to more positive self-evaluations after viewing a slim compared to a plus-size model, but only among restrained eaters with a relatively high BMI. These results are discussed in the context of research on social comparison processes and with regard to interventions for protection against the possible detrimental effects of media images.     

Beyond good intentions: The role of proactive coping in achieving sustained behavioural change in the context of diabetes management

This study examines the effectiveness of a brief self-management intervention to support patients recently diagnosed with type-2 diabetes to achieve sustained improvements in their self-care behaviours. Based on proactive coping, the intervention emphasizes the crucial role of anticipation and planning in maintaining self-care behaviours. In a randomised controlled trial among recent screen-detected patients, participants who received the intervention were compared with usual-care controls, examining changes in proximal outcomes (intentions, self-efficacy and proactive coping), self-care behaviour (diet, physical activity and medication) and weight over time (0, 3 and 12 months). Subsequently, the contribution of proactive coping in predicting maintenance of behavioural change was analysed using stepwise hierarchical regression analyses, controlling for baseline self-care behaviour, patient characteristics, and intentions and self-efficacy as measured after the course. The intervention was effective in improving proximal outcomes and behaviour with regard to diet and physical activity, resulting in significant weight loss at 12 months. Furthermore, proactive coping was a better predictor of long-term self-management than either intentions or self-efficacy. Proactive coping thus offers new insights into behavioural maintenance theory and can be used to develop effective self-management interventions.     

Executive function in preschool children prenatally exposed to methadone or buprenorphine

Although an increasing number of children are born with prenatal methadone or buprenorphine exposure, little is still known about the potential long-term effects of these opioids. The aim of this study was to investigate executive function (EF) in children of women in opioid maintenance therapy (OMT). A total of 66 children (aged 48–57 months) participated in the study, 35 of which had histories of prenatal methadone or buprenorphine exposure. EF was measured using a battery of neuropsychological tests and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function—Preschool Version (BRIEF-P). Results showed that children of women in OMT perform lower on tasks of short-term memory and inhibition compared to nonexposed children, which was mainly associated with lower maternal education and employment rate. The OMT group scored significantly lower on all EF tasks compared to the nonexposed group, although scores fell within the average range on all measures. The development of these children should be monitored to assess for the possible problem behaviors and to promote optimal outcomes.     

The Problem of the Condition of Arousal of the Pure Sensation of Cutaneous Pain

In order to develop scales representing curiosity-arousing components of pictures (slides) of either common objects or random shapes, a total of 56 college student Ss rated both sets of material on nine dimensions. Factor analyses indicated that the nine dimensions could be reduced to two factors. In order to test the ability of these factors to predict memorial performance and exploratory behavior, an additional 80 undergraduates were then tested for recognition or free looking time (FLT) of either object or random shape slides. Separate regression equations, using FLT and recognition performance as criterion measures, were computed. The present results not only indicate stability in visual exploratory scaling plus redundancy among various attributes of visual stimuli, but also suggest that behavior can be considered as elicited by two separate attributes of visual stimuli.