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71.
Igor Hanzel 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2008,39(2):273-301
The paper tries to provide an alternative to Hempel’s approach to scientific laws and scientific explanation as given in his
D-N model. It starts with a brief exposition of the main characteristics of Hempel’s approach to deductive explanations based
on universal scientific laws and analyzes the problems and paradoxes inherent in this approach. By way of solution, it analyzes
the scientific laws and explanations in classical mechanics and then reconstructs the corresponding models of explanation,
as well as the types of scientific laws appearing in it. Finally, it compares this reconstruction with the approaches of J.
Woodward and C. Hitchcock, C. Liu and with the views of M. Thalos on analytic mechanics.
相似文献
Igor HanzelEmail: |
72.
The thesis of underdetermination presents a major obstacle to the epistemological claims of scientific realism. That thesis
is regularly assumed in the philosophy of science, but is puzzlingly at odds with the actual history of science, in which
empirically adequate theories are thin on the ground. We propose to advance a case for scientific realism which concentrates
on the process of scientific reasoning rather than its theoretical products. Developing an account of causal–explanatory inference
will make it easier to resist the thesis of underdetermination. For, if we are not restricted to inference to the best explanation
only at the level of major theories, we will be able to acknowledge that there is a structure in data sets which imposes serious
constraints on possible theoretical alternatives. We describe how Differential Inference, a form of inference based on contrastive
explanation, can be used in order to generate causal hypotheses. We then go on to consider how experimental manipulation of
differences can be used to achieve Difference Closure, thereby confirming claims of causal efficacy and also eliminating possible
confounds. The model of Differential Inference outlined here shows at least one way in which it is possible to ‘reason from
the phenomena’. 相似文献
73.
Nick Tosh 《Philosophia》2008,36(4):465-482
Historians must be sensitive to the alienness of the past. Insofar as they are concerned with their actors’ reasoning, they
must (through open-minded empirical investigation) find out how their actors thought, and not assume that they thought like us. This is familiar historiographical advice, but pushed
too far it can be brought to conflict with rather weak assumptions about what historians must presuppose if they are to interpret
their actors at all. The present paper sketches those assumptions, and argues that the influential ‘Strong Program’ in the
Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) falls foul of them. We do not argue from the correctness of the assumptions to the
falsity of SSK. Rather, we note the incompatibility, and then show how SSK theorists’ tendency to take interpretation for granted blinds them—and perhaps their readers—to the existence of the conflict.
相似文献
Nick ToshEmail: |
74.
人本视域下的和谐社会及其政治、伦理构建 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
来自于不同学科的对和谐社会的热烈探讨,成为近年来中国学界的一大理论景观.随着认识的深入,对和谐社会构建途径的探讨无疑是最具现实性与价值性的方面.作为一种社会状态而非社会形态,和谐社会本质上表现为以人为本的主体性和谐.依据社会主义和谐社会的特定内涵和特征,我们认为在和谐社会构建的众多可能途径中,不仅需要公民社会的政治建构和制度保障,更需要相应的现代意义上的公民伦理和公民道德建构.公民社会以制度化的形式确立民主法制、自由平等、公平正义等当代社会基本价值理念,并确保全体国民共享和受惠于这些理念,从而为建立真正的和谐社会提供制度保障;公民伦理、公民道德作为公民社会的观念形态、精神蕴涵、文化表征与价值确证,揭示公民社会的本质特征和本质要求,为公民社会的建构提供价值导引与方法论指导,从而为和谐社会的构建提供坚强的基石和后盾. 相似文献
75.
本文评述了《科学》和《自然》杂志2015年的两篇文章。《科学》上的文章“心理科学的重现性”对100项心理学实验进行了重复验证。结果表明,只有大约多于1/3的原始研究能够重复。该文章对出现这样结果的原因作了分析,并指出这不是心理学的挫折。我们强调科学精神在于它的不确定性,因而科学才能处在不停的探索中。《自然》上的文章“P值仅仅是冰山的一角”,批评了个别心理学杂志禁用P值的做法,指出研究者应该在实验设计、数据处理等实验的前期阶段下功夫,才能防止心理科学的坍塌。我们结合国内研究生培养的现状,就改进心理学研究生的实验训练提出了建议。 相似文献
76.
Barbara A. Strassberg 《Zygon》2003,38(3):643-662
A social scientific interpretation of the development of global ethics is offered. Both spontaneous and intended mechanisms of the construction of such an ethics within the broader processes of globalization are analyzed, and possible theoretical foundations are suggested. The scientific and technological achievements that gave rise to the medical procedure of organ transplantation generated new questions and challenges that theologians, scholars of religion, natural scientists, and social scientists are now trying to resolve. 相似文献
77.
Shannon Vallor 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2009,8(1):1-15
Dennett’s recent defense in this journal of the heterophenomenological method and its supposed advantages over Husserlian
phenomenology is premised on his problematic account of the epistemological and ontological status of phenomenological states.
By employing Husserl’s philosophy of science to clarify the relationship between phenomenology and evidence and the implications
of this relationship for the empirical identification of ‘real’ conscious states, I argue that the naturalistic account of
consciousness Dennett hopes for could be authoritative as a science only by virtue of the very phenomenological evidences
Dennett’s method consigns to the realm of fiction. Thus heterophenomenology, qua scientific method, is incoherent.
相似文献
Shannon VallorEmail: |
78.
We present evidence suggesting that the effect of self-explanations on learning is not always beneficial and, in fact, in some contexts has a detrimental effect. Over eight sessions, fourth-graders engaged in investigation of a database with the goal of identifying causal effects. In a separate task, children in one condition also generated self-explanations regarding the mechanisms underlying the causal effects they believed to be present. In a comparison condition, they did not. On a transfer task, children in the no-explanations condition showed superior causal inference performance. The findings are discussed as reflecting the development of “data-reading” skill with which an emphasis on explanations may interfere. 相似文献
79.
赵敦华 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2009,4(1):116-129
Universalism can be defined as the belief in the universal application of certain knowledge, world-views and value-views.
Universalism has often been confused with Occident-centrism, due to the fact that the latter was used to justify the former,
which confused the content of a thought with the social condition that gave rise to the thought. For many years, clarifications
of this confusion have been made in sociology of knowledge, relativism and skepticism. Yet, the particularistic conclusion
thus reached has led to more confusion, namely, that between the intrinsic criterion for truth and the practical application
of thought. China, with its long tradition of Sino-centrism, has recently shown a movement towards particularism, characterized
by a search for national and cultural superiority by “returning to the source”. In today’s academic circles, some particularist
themes are taken for granted, and believed to be true, but cannot be proved with rational examination. The particularistic
claims to the “self grounded”, “self-featured” and “self-located” tradition of Chinese culture jointed with the post-modernism,
neo-leftist movement of anti-globalization in the West, are not only harmful in practice, but also impotent in theory. The
propaganda against the hegemony of Western discourse should be analyzed with questioning which hegemony and whose discourse.
Translated by Yang Xiaohua and Zhao Dunhua from Xueshu yuekan 学术月刊 (Academic Monthly), 2007, (5): 34–40, with some revisions 相似文献
80.
The theoretical analysis by Watzlawik (Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science 2009) demonstrates the scientific fragility of the constructs of masculinity and femininity based on the oversimplification and
overlapping between three levels of analysis: group differences, inter-individual differences and intra-individual differences.
Watzlawik presents fresh and relevant contributions in terms of methodological issues, especially about the construction of
scientific generalizations. Here I focus on issues related to the transformation of stereotypes in statements about gender
differences that claim to be ‘scientific’—outlining the socio-political agendas of such statements.
Ana Flávia do Amaral Madureira has studied gender and sexuality issues, culture and human development since she was an Undergraduate Student of Psychology at University of Brasília, Brazil. She has published scientific articles and chapters in Brazil and other countries. Currently, she is temporary professor at Institute of Psychology, University of Brasília, Brazil. 相似文献
Ana Flávia do Amaral MadureiraEmail: |
Ana Flávia do Amaral Madureira has studied gender and sexuality issues, culture and human development since she was an Undergraduate Student of Psychology at University of Brasília, Brazil. She has published scientific articles and chapters in Brazil and other countries. Currently, she is temporary professor at Institute of Psychology, University of Brasília, Brazil. 相似文献