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101.
Helen Longino 《Philosophical Studies》2009,143(1):25-32
Bas van Fraassen’s empiricist reading of Perrin’s achievement invites the question: whose doubts about atoms did Perrin put to rest? This comment recontextualizes the argument and applies the notion of empirical grounding to some contemporary work in behavioral biology. 相似文献
102.
103.
The typical empirical approach to studying consciousness holds that we can only observe the neural correlates of experiences, not the experiences themselves. In this paper we argue, in contrast, that experiences are concrete physical phenomena that can causally interact with other phenomena, including observers. Hence, experiences can be observed and scientifically modelled. We propose that the epistemic gap between an experience and a scientific model of its neural mechanisms stems from the fact that the model is merely a theoretical construct based on observations, and distinct from the concrete phenomenon it models, namely the experience itself. In this sense, there is a gap between any natural phenomenon and its scientific model. On this approach, a neuroscientific theory of the constitutive mechanisms of an experience is literally a model of the subjective experience itself. We argue that this metatheoretical framework provides a solid basis for the empirical study of consciousness. 相似文献
104.
Nadya A. Fouad Gail Hackett Philip L. Smith Neeta Kantamneni Mary Fitzpatrick Susan Haag Dee Spencer 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2010,77(3):361-373
This article presents three studies that provide an in-depth examination of STEM-related supports and barriers. These studies constructed an instrument to identify male and female perceptions of the barriers and supports for pursuing coursework and/or careers in mathematics and sciences domains; to pilot test and refine that instrument; and then to explore gender differences in perceptions of supports and barriers at three different educational levels: middle school, high school, and college. Study 1 involved using literature reviews and in-depth interviews at the three educational levels to broadly identify perceived supports and barriers, and to develop a taxonomy of barrier and supports at each level. Based upon the taxonomy, study 2 involved the construction and pilot testing of a barriers and support instrument. Study 3 involved administering the revised instrument to a large sample of participants at each educational level. Results indicate both gender and developmental differences in perceptions of the barriers and supports for pursuing a math or science curriculum. 相似文献
105.
Daniel McArthur 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2006,37(2):209-224
Summary In recent years Structural Realism has been revived as a compromise candidate to resolve the long-standing question of scientific
realism. Recent debate over structural realism originates with Worrall’s (1989) paper “Structural Realism: The best of Both
Worlds”. However, critics such as Psillos contend that structural realism incorporates an untenable distinction between structure
and nature, and is therefore unworkable. In this paper I consider three versions of structural realism that purport to avoid
such criticism. The first is Chakravartty’s “semirealism” which proceeds by trying to show that structural realism and entity
realism entail one another. I demonstrate that this position will not work, but follow Chakravartty’s contention that structural
realism need not imply that scientific knowledge can only be of mathematical structure. I advance from this conclusion to
sketch a version of structural realism that is consistent with recent deflationary approaches to the scientific realism question.
Finally, I consider a third approach to structural realism Ladyman’s “metaphysical structural realism” which tries to avoid
the difficulties of earlier versions by taking structure to be ontologically primary. I show that the deflationary approach
to structural realism undermines the rationale behind Ladyman’s approach. 相似文献
106.
In this study, we (a) examined the measurement equivalence/invariance (ME/I) of the Chinese Self-Directed Search (SDS; 1994 edition) across gender and geographic regions (Mainland China vs. Hong Kong); (b) assessed the construct validity of the Chinese SDS using
[Widaman, 1985] and [Widaman, 1992] MTMM framework; and (c) determined whether vocational interests are measured equivalently by Chinese SDS subtests. Confirmatory factor analyses suggested that males and females from Mainland China and Hong Kong interpreted the instrument in conceptually similar manner. Also, the Chinese SDS demonstrated sound construct validity. However, we found that like-named interests were not measured equivalently by the SDS subtests. 相似文献
107.
Catherine Kirchmeyer 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2006,68(2):323-346
Gender gaps in achieved rank and salary, common indicators of objective success, often are attributed to the different family roles and responsibilities of men and women. This study tested three explanations for the different effects of family on careers: that is, choice, performance, and signaling explanations. In a sample of American doctoral graduates, the impact of family on career outcomes was felt at entry, early, and middle career stages and support was provided for arguments of all explanations. At the time of graduation, two family variables, the presence of a young child, and not having a non-employed spouse, were associated with women favoring work-family balance in jobs that in turn predicted geographic restrictions on employment. For men, family structure was not associated with job preferences. At later career stages, women did not experience the performance benefits from having a non-employed spouse that men did. In addition, women were at a career disadvantage because they were far less likely to have non-employed spouses who were associated with achieving high ranks by middle career for both genders. 相似文献
108.
The traditional organizational career has been depicted as the classic example of how employers and employees can develop a mutually beneficial relationship; but changes in the competitive landscape and in individual work values have challenged its viability. Commentators have argued that a ‘new career’ deal, encapsulated by the notions of the protean and the boundaryless career, has emerged suggesting a shift in control of careers from organizations to individuals. Research has explored the implications for individuals' careers while largely neglecting consequences for organizations. Our paper seeks to remedy this by exploring both the individual and the organizational outcomes of independent career orientations and the extent to which organizations can manage these through high commitment human resource management (HRM) practices. Our study, conducted with 655 employee–supervisor dyads, indicates that a protean career orientation results in gains for both employees and organizations, whereas a boundaryless career orientation is associated with mutual losses. In addition, our findings suggest that high commitment HR practices play an important role in managing the outcomes of employees seeking traditional careers but have only a limited impact on those with a boundaryless career orientation. 相似文献
109.
Why is evolutionary theory controversial among members of the American public? We propose a novel explanation: allegiance to different criteria for belief. In one interview study, two online surveys, and one nationally representative phone poll, we found that evolutionists and creationists take different justifications for belief as legitimate. Those who accept evolution emphasize empirical evidence and scientific consensus. Creationists emphasize not only the Bible and religious authority, but also knowledge of the heart. These criteria for belief remain predictive of views about evolution even when taking into account other related factors like religion, political affiliation, and education. Each view is supported by its own internally specified criteria for what constitutes a justified belief. Changing minds may thus require changing epistemic norms. 相似文献
110.
William G. Graziano Meara M. HabashiAnna Woodcock 《Personality and individual differences》2011,51(1):28-33
Individuals differ in their orientation toward aspects of the environment. Previous work suggests that some individuals orient primarily toward people, whereas others orient toward things. Women generally orient towards people more than men, and men orient towards things more than women. Person-thing orientation is related to occupational choices. This research examined the structure of person-thing orientation using a combination of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling. Analyses suggested that thing orientation and person orientation can be measured (1) with a few items; (2) separately from each other; and (3) person orientation and thing orientation are not necessarily bipolar opposites. 相似文献