How does glance behavior influence crash and injury risk? A ‘what-if’ counterfactual simulation using crashes and near-crashes from SHRP2

As naturalistic driving data become increasingly available, new analyses are revealing the significance of drivers’ glance behavior in traffic crashes. Due to the rarity of crashes, even in the largest naturalistic datasets, near-crashes are often included in the analyses and used as surrogates for crashes. However, to date we lack a method to assess the extent to which driver glance behavior influences crash and injury risk across both crashes and near-crashes. This paper presents a novel method for estimating crash and injury risk from off-road glance behavior for crashes and near-crashes alike; this method can also be used to evaluate the safety impact of secondary tasks (such as tuning the radio). We apply a ‘what-if’ (counterfactual) simulation to 37 lead-vehicle crashes and 186 lead-vehicle near-crashes from lead-vehicle scenarios identified in the SHRP2 naturalistic driving data. The simulation combines the kinematics of the two conflicting vehicles with a model of driver glance behavior to estimate two probabilities: (1) that each event becomes a crash, and (2) that each event causes a specific level of injury. The usefulness of the method is demonstrated by comparing the crash and injury risk of normal driving with the risks of driving while performing one of three secondary tasks: the Rockwell radio-tuning task and two hypothetical tasks. Alternative applications of the method and its metrics are also discussed. The method presented in this paper can guide the design of safer driver–vehicle interfaces by showing the best tradeoff between the percent of glances that are on-road, the distribution of off-road glances, and the total task time for different tasks.     

Soutiens,sentiment d’efficacité personnelle et interface travail-famille : une étude chez les professionnels de soins

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of organizational and family supports and self-efficacy on the work-family interface among health care workers. Structural equation modeling results based on data from 370 health care workers show that (1) family support allows the development of family-work and work-family enrichment and the prevention of family-work conflict, (2) the self-efficacy prevents the development of family-work conflict but promotes, at the same time, the development of work-family and family-work enrichments.     

Potential mapping of ZnO by off-axis electron holography

Off-axis electron holography has been used to map the electric potential derived from the spontaneous polarity in a ZnO film. A wedge-shaped ZnO film, in which the holograms and the object wave were reconstructed, was used. To interpret the phase image correctly, the reconstructed amplitude image was used to obtain information on the thickness, which was then applied to eliminate the thickness effect on the phase shift. The electric potential distribution was characterized and the polarity of the ZnO film determined.     

Atomic arrangement at the 3C-SiC/Si(001) interface revealed utilising aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope

The atomistic structure of the 3C-SiC/Si(001) interface has been investigated using a combination of aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy and a newly developed image processing method for eliminating artificial contrast. The structures having periods four times longer than those of the silicon lattice have been observed distinctly in images taken along both Si[110] and Si[100] directions. Contrary to theoretical models proposed previously, the interface of the three-dimensional structural model that we constructed on the basis of our experiments has a silicon-rich configuration. We have clarified that the strain field induced by the two-dimensional misfit between Si(001)-(4?×?4) and SiC(001)-(5?×?5) is relaxed by the two-dimensional network of misfit dislocations; simple edge dislocations with [100] and [010] directions and Lomer dislocations with [110] and [110] directions. The atomistic structures of the Lomer dislocations have been also clarified.     

The impact of smart driving aids on driving performance and driver distraction

In-vehicle information systems (IVIS) have been shown to increase driver workload and cause distraction, both of which are causal factors for accidents. This simulator study evaluates the impact that two prototype ergonomic designs for a smart driving aid have on workload, distraction and driving performance. Scenario complexity was also manipulated as an independent variable. Results showed that real-time delivery of smart driving information did not increase driver workload or adversely affect driver distraction, while also having the positive effect of decreasing mean driving speed in both the simple and complex driving scenarios. Subjective workload was shown to increase with task difficulty, as well as revealing important differences between the two interface designs. The findings are relevant to the development and implementation of smart driving interface designs in the future.     

人格特质在人机界面交互研究之应用

人机交互(Human-Computer Interaction,HCI)领域一向和心理学有着密不可分的联系。举凡界面的设计、对使用者的研究、使用偏好和使用绩效(效果)等,都需要应用心理学的理论基础。以往人机界面交互领域多着重于认知方面的研究,但近年来人们渐渐发现,人格特质在人机界面交互上也扮演了举足轻重的角色。本文首先简短介绍其崛起的背景,再回顾从1995年起至2004年中的质化量化研究。最后,归纳出三点未来的研究方向。     

Measuring the positive side of the work-family interface: Development and validation of a work-family enrichment scale

Based on current conceptualizations of enrichment, or the positive side of the work-family interface, a multi-dimensional measure of work-family enrichment is developed and validated using five samples. The final 18 item measure consists of three dimensions from the work to family direction (development, affect, and capital) and three dimensions from the family to work direction (development, affect, and efficiency). The validity of the scale was established by assessing the content adequacy, dimensionality, reliability, factor structure invariance, convergent validity, divergent validity, and its relationship to work and family correlates.     

Learning to control brain activity: a review of the production and control of EEG components for driving brain-computer interface (BCI) systems

Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology relies on the ability of individuals to voluntarily and reliably produce changes in their electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. The present paper reviews research on cognitive tasks and other methods of generating and controlling specific changes in EEG activity that can be used to drive BCI systems. To date, motor imagery has been the most commonly used task. This paper explores the possibility that other cognitive tasks, including those used in imaging studies, may prove to be more effective. Other factors which influence performance are also considered in relation to selection of tasks, as well as training of subjects.